UN SMK

SMK Teknologi Komunikasi

2011-03-13T05:51:00.002-07:00

Telecommunications engineering or telecom engineering is a major field within Electronic engineering. The work ranges from basic circuit design to strategic mass developments. A telecommunication engineer is responsible for designing and overseeing the installation of telecommunications equipment and facilities, such as complex electronic switching systems, copper telephone facilities, and fiber optics. Telecom engineering also overlaps heavily with broadcast engineering.
Telecommunication is a diverse field of engineering including electronics, civil, structural, and electrical engineering as well as being a political and social ambassador, a little bit of accounting and a lot of project management. Ultimately, telecom engineers are responsible for providing the method that customers can get telephone and high speed data services.

Telecom engineers use a variety of different equipment and transport media available from a multitude of manufacturers to design the telecom network infrastructure. The most common media, often referred to as plant in the telecom industry, used by telecommunications companies today are copper, coaxial cable, fiber, and radio.
Telecom engineers are often expected, as most engineers are, to provide the best solution possible for the lowest cost to the company. This often leads to creative solutions to problems that often would have been designed differently without the budget constraints dictated by modern society. In the earlier days of the telecom industry massive amounts of cable were placed that were never used or have been replaced by modern technology such as fiber optic cable and digital multiplexing techniques.
Telecom engineers are also responsible for keeping the records of the companies’ equipment and facilities and assigning appropriate accounting codes for purposes of taxes and maintenance. As telecom engineers responsible for budgeting and overseeing projects and keeping records of equipment, facilities and plant the telecom engineer is not only an engineer but an accounting assistant or bookkeeper (if not an accountant) and a project manager as well.
This article provides an overview of the major field, telecommunications engineering. Readers might be interested to have a look at electronic engineering and broadcast engineering which are heavily related to telecommunications engineering and often taught together in different academic institutes.

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2098-KST-Teknik Produksi dan Penyiaran Program Radio
2107-KST-Teknik Produksidan Penyiaran Program Pertelevisian

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SMK Teknologi Mesin

2011-03-13T05:51:00.001-07:00

Mechanical engineering is a discipline of engineering that applies the principles of physics and materials science for analysis, design, manufacturing, and maintenance of mechanical systems. It is the branch of engineering that involves the production and usage of heat and mechanical power for the design, production, and operation of machines and tools.The engineering field requires a vast understanding of core concepts including mechanics, kinematics, thermodynamics, materials science, and structural analysis. Mechanical engineers use these core principles along with tools like computer-aided engineering and product lifecycle management to design and analyze manufacturing plants, industrial equipment and machinery, heating and cooling systems, transport systems, aircraft, watercraft, robotics, medical devices and more.

Mechanical engineering emerged as a field during the industrial revolution in Europe in the 18th century; however, its development can be traced back several thousand years around the world. Mechanical engineering science emerged in the 19th century as a result of developments in the field of physics. The field has continually evolved to incorporate advancements in technology, and mechanical engineers today are pursuing developments in such fields as composites, mechatronics, and nanotechnology.
Mechanical engineering overlaps with aerospace engineering, civil engineering, electrical engineering, and petroleum engineering to varying amounts.

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1254-KST-Teknik Pemesinan
1272-KST-Teknik Gambar Mesin
1263-KST-Teknik Pemeliharaan Mekanik Industri

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SMK Teknologi Logam

2011-03-13T05:51:00.000-07:00

Metallurgy is a domain of materials science that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their intermetallic compounds, and their mixtures, which are called alloys. Metallurgy is distinguished from the craft of metalworking.
In production engineering, metallurgy is concerned with the production of metallic components for use in consumer or engineering products. This involves the production of alloys, the shaping, the heat treatment and the surface treatment of the product. The task of the metallurgist is to achieve balance between material properties such as cost, weight, strength, toughness, hardness, corrosion and fatigue resistance, and performance in temperature extremes.
To achieve this goal, the operating environment must be carefully considered. In a saltwater environment, ferrous metals and some aluminium alloys corrode quickly. Metals exposed to cold or cryogenic conditions may endure a ductile to brittle transition and lose their toughness, becoming more brittle and prone to cracking. Metals under continual cyclic loading can suffer from metal fatigue. Metals under constant stress at elevated temperatures can creep.

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1227-KST-Teknik Pengelasan
1236-KST-Teknik Fabrikasi Logam
1245-KST-Teknik Pengecoran Logam
1592-KST-Teknik Instrumentasi Logam dan Gelas

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SMK Teknologi Multimedia

2011-03-13T05:34:00.000-07:00

Multimedia is media and content that uses a combination of different content forms. The term can be used as a noun (a medium with multiple content forms) or as an adjective describing a medium as having multiple content forms. The term is used in contrast to media which only use traditional forms of printed or hand-produced material. Multimedia includes a combination of text, audio, still images, animation, video, and interactivity content forms.

Multimedia is usually recorded and played, displayed or accessed by information content processing devices, such as computerized and electronic devices, but can also be part of a live performance. Multimedia (as an adjective) also describes electronic media devices used to store and experience multimedia content. Multimedia is distinguished from mixed media in fine art; by including audio, for example, it has a broader scope. The term "rich media" is synonymous for interactive multimedia. Hypermedia can be considered one particular multimedia application.

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2116-KST-Animasi
1174-KST-Teknik Audio Video
2089-KST-Multimedia
1538-KST-Persiapan Grafika
1547-KST-Produksi Grafika
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SMK Teknologi Perkapalan

2011-03-13T05:33:00.000-07:00

Shipping has multiple meanings. It can be a physical process of transporting goods and cargo, by land, air, and sea. Land or "ground" shipping can be by train or by truck. Ground transportation is typically more affordable than air shipments, but more expensive than shipping by sea.
Shipment of freight by trucks, directly from the shipper to the destination, is known as a door to door shipment. Vans and trucks make deliveries to sea ports and air ports where freight is moved in bulk.

Much shipping is done aboard actual ships. An individual nation's fleet and the people that crew it are referred to its merchant navy or merchant marine. Merchant shipping is essential to the world economy, carrying 90% of international trade with 50,000 merchant ships worldwide.

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1396-KST-Konstruksi Kapal Baja
1405-KST-Teknik Pengelasan Kapal
1414-KST-Instalasi Pemesinan Kapal
1423-KST-Kelistrikan Kapal
1432-KST-Gambar Rancang Bangun Kapal
1449-KST-Teknik Konstruksi Kapal Kayu dan Fiberglass
1458-KST-Interior Kapal
1645-KST-Nautika Kapal Niaga
1654-KST-Teknika Kapal Niaga
1663-KST-Nautika Kapal Penangkap Ikan
1672-KST-Teknika Kapal Penangkap Ikan

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SMK Teknologi Pertambangan dan Perminyakan

2011-03-13T05:29:00.007-07:00

Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, from an ore body, vein or (coal) seam. The term also includes the removal of soil. Materials recovered by mining include base metals, precious metals, iron, uranium, coal, diamonds, limestone, oil shale, rock salt and potash. Any material that cannot be grown through agricultural processes, or created artificially in a laboratory or factory, is usually mined. Mining in a wider sense comprises extraction of any non-renewable resource (e.g., petroleum, natural gas, or even water).

Mining of stone and metal has been done since pre-historic times. Modern mining processes involve prospecting for ore bodies, analysis of the profit potential of a proposed mine, extraction of the desired materials and finally reclamation of the land to prepare it for other uses once the mine is closed.
The nature of mining processes creates a potential negative impact on the environment both during the mining operations and for years after the mine is closed. This impact has led to most of the world's nations adopting regulations to moderate the negative effects of mining operations. Safety has long been a concern as well, though modern practices have improved safety in mines significantly.
Petroleum (L. petroleum, from Greek: petra (rock) + Latin: oleum (oil)) or crude oil is a naturally occurring, flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and other liquid organic compounds, that are found in geologic formations beneath the Earth's surface. Petroleum is recovered mostly through oil drilling. It is refined and separated, most easily by boiling point, into a large number of consumer products, from gasoline and kerosene to asphalt and chemical reagents used to make plastics and pharmaceuticals.The term petroleum is found (in the spelling "petraoleum") in tenth-century Old English sources. In the 19th Century, the term petroleum was frequently used to refer to mineral oils produced by distillation from mined organic solids such as cannel coal (and later oil shale), and refined oils produced from them; in the United Kingdom storage (and later transport) of these oils were regulated by a series of Petroleum Acts, from the Petroleum Act 1862 c. 66 onward.

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1556-KST-Geologi Pertambangan
1565-KST-Geologi Pertambangan (4 tahun)
1716-KST-Teknik Pemboran Minyak
1725-KST-Teknik Pengolahan Migas
1734-KST-Teknik Produksi Minyak dan Gas

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SMK Teknologi Kimia

2011-03-13T05:29:00.006-07:00

Chemical engineering is the branch of engineering that deals with the application of physical science (e.g., chemistry and physics), and life sciences (e.g., biology, microbiology and biochemistry) with mathematics and economics, to the process of converting raw materials or chemicals into more useful or valuable forms. In addition to producing useful materials, modern chemical engineering is also concerned with pioneering valuable new materials and techniques – such as nanotechnology, fuel cells and biomedical engineering.
Chemical engineers ensure the processes are operated safely, sustainably and economically. Chemical engineers in this branch are usually employed under the title of process engineer. A related term with a wider definition is chemical technology. A person employed in this field is called a chemical engineer.

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1609-KST-Kimia Industri
1618-KST-Kimia Industri
1627-KST-Kimia Analisis
1636-KST-Kimia Analisis

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SMK Teknologi Tekstil

2011-03-13T05:29:00.005-07:00

A textile or cloth is a flexible material consisting of a network of natural or artificial fibres often referred to as thread or yarn. Yarn is produced by spinning raw fibres of wool, flax, cotton, or other material to produce long strands.The words fabric and cloth are used in textile assembly trades (such as tailoring and dressmaking) as synonyms for textile. However, there are subtle differences in these terms in specialized usage. Textile refers to any material made of interlacing fibres. Fabric refers to any material made through weaving, knitting, spreading, crocheting, or bonding that may be used in production of further goods (garments, etc.). Cloth may be used synonymously with fabric but often refers to a finished piece of fabric used for a specific purpose (e.g., table cloth).

Textile manufacturing is a major industry. It is based in the conversion of three types of fibre into yarn, then fabric, then textiles. Cotton remains the most important natural fibre, so is treated in depth. There are many variable processes available at the spinning and fabric-forming stages coupled with the complexities of the finishing and colouration processes to the production of a wide ranges of products. There remains a large industry that uses hand techniques to achieve the same results.

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1485-KST-Teknik Pemintalan Serat Buatan
1494-KST-Teknik Pembuatan Benang
1503-KST-Teknik Pembuatan Kain
1512-KST-Teknik Penyempurnaan Tekstil
1529-KST-Teknik Produksi Pakaian Jadi Garmen

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SMK Teknologi Otomotif

2011-03-13T05:29:00.004-07:00

Modern automotive engineering is a branch of vehicle engineering, incorporating elements of mechanical, electrical, electronic, software and safety engineering as applied to the design, manufacture and operation of motorcycles, automobiles, buses and trucks and their respective engineering subsystems.

Product Engineering
Some of the engineering attributes/disciplines that are of importance to the automotive engineer:
Safety Engineering: Safety Engineering is the assessment of various crash scenarios and their impact on the vehicle occupants. These are tested against very stringent governmental regulations. Some of these requirements include: Seat belt and air bag functionality. Front and side crash worthiness. Resistance to rollover. Assessments are done with various methods and tools: Computer crash simulation, crash test dummies, partial system sled and full vehicle crashes.
Fuel Economy/Emissions: Fuel economy is the measured fuel efficiency of the vehicle in miles per gallon or litres per 100 kilometers. Emissions testing the measurement of the vehicles emissions: hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and evaporative emissions.
Vehicle Dynamics: Vehicle dynamics is the vehicle's response of the following attributes: ride, handling, steering, braking, and traction. Design of the chassis systems of suspension, steering, braking, structure (frame), wheels and tires, and traction control are highly leveraged by the Vehicle Dynamics engineer to deliver the Vehicle Dynamics qualities desired.
NVH Engineering (Noise, Vibration, and Harshness): NVH is the customer's impression both tactile (feel) and audible (hear) feedback from the vehicle. While sound can be interpreted as a rattle, squeal, or hoot, a tactile response can be seat vibration, or a buzz in the steering wheel. This feedback is generated by components either rubbing, vibrating or rotating. NVH response can be classified in various ways: powertrain NVH, road noise, wind noise, component noise, and squeak and rattle. The NVH engineer works to either eliminate bad NVH, or change the “bad NVH” to good (i.e., exhaust tones).
Performance: Performance is a measurable and testable value of a vehicles ability to perform in various conditions. Performance can be considered in a wide variety of tasks, but it's generally associated with how quickly a car can accelerate (i.e. 0-60 mph, 1/4 mile, trap speed, top speed, etc), how short and quickly a car can come to a complete stop from a set distance (i.e. 70-0 mph), how many g-forces a car can generate without losing grip, figure 8, recorded trap lap times, cornering speed, brake fade, etc. Performance can also reflect the amount of control in inclement weather (snow, ice, rain).
Shift Quality: Shift Quality is the driver’s perception of the vehicle to an automatic transmission banana event. This is influenced by the powertrain (engine, transmission), and the vehicle (driveline, suspension, etc). Shift feel is both a tactile (feel) and audible (hear) response of the vehicle. Shift Quality is experienced as various events: Transmission shifts are felt as an upshift at acceleration (1-2), or a downshift maneuver in passing (4-2). Shift engagements of the vehicle are also evaluated, as in Park to Reverse, etc.
Durability / Corrosion engineering: Durability and Corrosion engineering is the evaluation testing of a vehicle for its useful life. This includes mileage accumulation, severe driving conditions, and corrosive salt baths.
Package / Ergonomics Engineering: Package Engineering is a discipline that designs/analyzes the occupant accommodations (seat roominess), ingress/egress to the vehicle, and the driver’s field of vision (gauges and windows). The Package Engineer is also responsible for other areas of the vehicle like the engine compartment, and the component to component placement. Ergonomics is the discipline that assesses the occupant's access to the steering wheel, pedals, and other driver/passenger controls.
Climate Control: Climate Control is the customer’s impression of the cabin environment and level of comfort related to the temperature and humidity. From the windshield defrosting, to the heating and cooling capacity, all vehicle seating positions are evaluated to a certain level of comfort.
Drivability: Drivability is the vehicle’s response to general driving conditions. Cold starts and stalls, rpm dips, idle response, launch hesitations and stumbles, and performance levels.
Cost: The cost of a vehicle program is typically split into the effect on the variable cost of the vehicle, and the up-front tooling and fixed costs associated with developing the vehicle. There are also costs associated with warranty reductions, and marketing.
Program timing: To some extent programs are timed with respect to the market, and also to the production schedules of the assembly plants. Any new part in the design must support the development and manufacturing schedule of the model.
Assembly Feasibility: It is easy to design a module that is hard to assemble, either resulting in damaged units, or poor tolerances. The skilled product development engineer works with the assembly/manufacturing engineers so that the resulting design is easy and cheap to make and assemble, as well as delivering appropriate functionality and appearance.

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1289-KST-Teknik Otomotif Kendaraan Ringan-Teknik Mekanik Otomotif
1298-KST-Teknik Otomotif Alat Berat
1307-KST-Teknik Perbaikan Bodi Otomotif
1316-KST-Teknik Otomotif Sepeda Motor

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SMK Teknologi Penerbangan

2011-03-13T05:29:00.003-07:00

Aviation is the design, development, production, operation, and use of aircraft, especially heavier-than-air aircraft. Aviation is derived from avi, the Latin word for bird.
Many Cultures have built devices that travel through the air, from the earliest projectiles such as stones and spears.There are early legends of human flight such as the story of Icarus, and Jamshid in Persian myth, and later, somewhat more credible claims of short-distance human flights appear, such as the flying automaton of Archytas of Tarentum (428–347 BC), the winged flights of Abbas Ibn Firnas (810–887), Eilmer of Malmesbury (11th century), and the hot-air Passarola of Bartolomeu Lourenço de Gusmão (1685–1724).

The modern age of aviation began with the first untethered human lighter-than-air flight on November 21, 1783, in a hot air balloon designed by the Montgolfier brothers. The practicality of balloons was limited because they could only travel downwind. Jean-Pierre Blanchard flew the first human-powered dirigible in 1784 and crossed the English Channel in one in 1785.
In 1799 Sir George Cayley set forth the concept of the modern airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control.While there are many competing claims for the earliest powered, heavier-than-air flight, the most widely-accepted date is December 17, 1903 by the Wright brothers. The Wright brothers were the first to fly in a powered and controlled aircraft. Previous flights were gliders (control but no power) or free flight (power but no control), but the Wright brothers combined both, setting the new standard in aviation records. Following this, the widespread adoption of ailerons versus wing warping made aircraft much easier to control, and only a decade later, at the start of World War I, heavier-than-air powered aircraft had become practical for reconnaissance, artillery spotting, and even attacks against ground positions.
Aircraft began to transport people and cargo as designs grew larger and more reliable. In contrast to small non-rigid blimps, giant rigid airships became the first aircraft to transport passengers and cargo over great distances. The best known aircraft of this type were manufactured by the German Zeppelin company.
The most successful Zeppelin was the Graf Zeppelin. It flew over one million miles, including an around-the-world flight in August 1929. However, the dominance of the Zeppelins over the airplanes of that period, which had a range of only a few hundred miles, was diminishing as airplane design advanced. The "Golden Age" of the airships ended on May 6, 1937 when the Hindenburg caught fire, killing 36 people. Although there have been periodic initiatives to revive their use, airships have seen only niche application since that time.
Great progress was made in the field of aviation during the 1920s and 1930s, such as Charles Lindbergh's solo transatlantic flight in 1927, and Charles Kingsford Smith's transpacific flight the following year. One of the most successful designs of this period was the Douglas DC-3, which became the first airliner that was profitable carrying passengers exclusively, starting the modern era of passenger airline service. By the beginning of World War II, many towns and cities had built airports, and there were numerous qualified pilots available.
The war brought many innovations to aviation, including the first jet aircraft and the first liquid-fueled rockets.

After WW II, especially in North America, there was a boom in general aviation, both private and commercial, as thousands of pilots were released from military service and many inexpensive war-surplus transport and training aircraft became available. Manufacturers such as Cessna, Piper, and Beechcraft expanded production to provide light aircraft for the new middle-class market.
By the 1950s, the development of civil jets grew, beginning with the de Havilland Comet, though the first widely-used passenger jet was the Boeing 707, because it was much more economical than other planes at the time. At the same time, turboprop propulsion began to appear for smaller commuter planes, making it possible to serve small-volume routes in a much wider range of weather conditions.
Since the 1960s, composite airframes and quieter, more efficient engines have become available, and Concorde provided supersonic passenger service for more than two decades, but the most important lasting innovations have taken place in instrumentation and control. The arrival of solid-state electronics, the Global Positioning System, satellite communications, and increasingly small and powerful computers and LED displays, have dramatically changed the cockpits of airliners and, increasingly, of smaller aircraft as well. Pilots can navigate much more accurately and view terrain, obstructions, and other nearby aircraft on a map or through synthetic vision, even at night or in low visibility.
On June 21, 2004, SpaceShipOne became the first privately funded aircraft to make a spaceflight, opening the possibility of an aviation market capable of leaving the Earth's atmosphere. Meanwhile, flying prototypes of aircraft powered by alternative fuels, such as ethanol, electricity, and even solar energy, are becoming more common and may soon enter the mainstream, at least for light aircraft.

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1325-KST-Pemesinan Pesawat Udara
1334-KST-Konstruksi Rangka Pesawat Udara
1343-KST-Konstruksi Badan Pesawat Udara
1352-KST-Airframe dan Powerplant
1369-KST-Pemeliharaan dan Perbaikan Instrumen Elektronika Pesawat Udara
1378-KST-Kelistrikan Pesawat Udara
1387-KST-Elektronika Pesawat Udara

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SMK Teknologi Elektro

2011-03-13T05:29:00.002-07:00

Electrical engineering technology (EET) is an engineering technology field that utilizes the practical application of electrical engineering. Electrical engineering technologists (or technicians) aid in the design, development, testing, and manufacturing of electrical equipment and systems.
Electrical engineering is a field of engineering that generally deals with the study and application of electricity, electronics and electromagnetism. The field first became an identifiable occupation in the late nineteenth century after commercialization of the electric telegraph and electrical power supply. It now covers a range of subtopics including power, electronics, control systems, signal processing and telecommunications.

Electrical engineering may include electronic engineering. Where a distinction is made, usually outside of the United States, electrical engineering is considered to deal with the problems associated with large-scale electrical systems such as power transmission and motor control, whereas electronic engineering deals with the study of small-scale electronic systems including computers and integrated circuits.More recently, the distinction has become blurred by the growth of power electronics.

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1103-KST-Teknik Instalasi Tenaga Listrik
1112-KST-Teknik Distribusi Tenaga Listrik
1138-KST-Teknik Listrik Industri
1147-KST-Teknik Pemanfaatan Tenaga Listrik
1156-KST-Teknik Transmisi Tenaga Listrik
1165-KST-Teknik Pembangkit Tenaga Listrik
1183-KST-Teknik Elektronika Industri
1192-KST-Teknik Elektronika Industri
1209-KST-Teknik Elektronika Komunikasi
1218-KST-Teknik Pendingin dan Tata Udara
1743-KST-Teknik Otomasi Industri
1574-KST-Kontrol Proses
1583-KST-Kontrol Mekanik
1707-KST-Teknik Mekatronika
1752-KST-Teknik Ototronika

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SMK Teknologi Informasi

2011-03-13T05:29:00.001-07:00

Information technology (IT) is the acquisition, processing, storage and dissemination of vocal, pictorial, textual and numerical information by a microelectronics-based combination of computing and telecommunications.We shall call it information technology."
IT is the area of managing technology and spans wide variety of areas that include but are not limited to things such as processes, computer software, information systems, computer hardware, programming languages, and data constructs. In short, anything that renders data, information or perceived knowledge in any visual format whatsoever, via any multimedia distribution mechanism, is considered part of the domain space known as Information Technology (IT).

IT professionals perform a variety of functions (IT Disciplines/Competencies) that range from installing applications to designing complex computer networks and information databases. A few of the duties that IT professionals perform may include data management, networking, engineering computer hardware, database and software design, as well as management and administration of entire systems. Information technology is starting to spread farther than the conventional personal computer and network technology, and more into integrations of other technologies such as the use of cell phones, televisions, automobiles, and more, which is increasing the demand for such jobs.
In the recent past, the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology and the Association for Computing Machinery have collaborated to form accreditation and curriculum standards for degrees in Information Technology as a distinct field of study as compared to Computer Science and Information Systems today. SIGITE (Special Interest Group for IT Education) is the ACM working group for defining these standards. The Worldwide IT services revenue totaled $763 billion in 2009.

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2027-KST-Teknik Jaringan Akses
2036-KST-Teknik Suitsing
2045-KST-Teknik Transmisi Telekomunikasi
2054-KST-Teknik Transmisi Telekomunikasi (4 tahun)
2063-KST-Teknik Komputer dan Jaringan
2072-KST-Rekayasa Perangkat Lunak

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SMK Teknologi Bangunan

2011-03-13T05:29:00.000-07:00

In the fields of architecture and civil engineering, construction is a process that consists of the building or assembling of infrastructure. Far from being a single activity, large scale construction is a feat of human multitasking. Normally, the job is managed by a project manager, and supervised by a construction manager, design engineer, construction engineer, or project architect.
For the successful execution of a project, effective planning is essential. Those involved with the design and execution of the infrastructure in question must consider the environmental impact of the job, the successful scheduling, budgeting, construction site safety, availability of building materials, logistics, inconvenience to the public caused by construction delays, and bidding, etc.

Building construction
Building construction is the process of adding structure to real property. The vast majority of building construction projects are small renovations, such as addition of a room, or renovation of a bathroom. Often, the owner of the property acts as laborer, paymaster, and design team for the entire project. However, all building construction projects include some elements in common - design, financial, and legal considerations. Many projects of varying sizes reach undesirable end results, such as structural collapse, cost overruns, and/or litigation reason, those with experience in the field make detailed plans and maintain careful oversight during the project to ensure a positive outcome.
Building construction is procured privately or publicly utilizing various delivery methodologies, including hard bid, negotiated price, traditional, management contracting, construction management-at-risk, design & build and design-build bridging.
Residential construction practices, technologies, and resources must conform to local building authority regulations and codes of practice. Materials readily available in the area generally dictate the construction materials used (e.g. brick versus stone, versus timber). Cost of construction on a per square metre (or per square foot) basis for houses can vary dramatically based on site conditions, local regulations, economies of scale (custom designed homes are always more expensive to build) and the availability of skilled tradespeople. As residential (as well as all other types of construction) can generate a lot of waste, careful planning again is needed here.
The most popular method of residential construction in the United States is wood framed construction. As efficiency codes have come into effect in recent years, new construction technologies and methods have emerged. University Construction Management departments are on the cutting edge of the newest methods of construction intended to improve efficiency, performance and reduce construction waste.

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1014-KST-Teknik Survei dan Pemetaan
1023-KST-Teknik Gambar Bangunan
1032-KST-Teknik Konstruksi Bangunan
1049-KST-Teknik Konstruksi Batu dan Beton
1058-KST-Teknik Konstruksi Baja
1067-KST-Teknik Pekerjaan Finishing
1076-KST-Teknik Konstruksi Kayu
1085-KST-Teknik Furnitur
1094-KST-Teknik Plambing dan Sanitasi

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Kisi-kisi Teori Kejuruan SMK 2011

2011-03-11T08:03:00.000-08:00

Vocational schools (SMK) is one form of formal education unit that organizes vocational education at secondary education level as a continuation of the junior level, or equivalent or other form of advanced learning outcomes which are recognized equivalent SMP / MTs. SMK often referred to as STM (Technical High School). In SMK, there are lots of Expertise Programme. While vocational Madrasah Aliyah (MAK) is one form of formal education units in which assisted the Minister of Religious Affairs held a vocational education with the particularity of Islamic religion at secondary education level as a continuation of the junior high level, or equivalent or other form of advanced learning outcomes are recognized as equal / equivalent to junior high schools.

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Problem persists UN SMK 2011 Theory Exam Skills

Like the UN SMK 2010, to UN SMK Year 2011 exam subject matter seems to remain there four vocational students, namely Mathematics, Bahasa Indonesian, English and exam practice. For the UN in 2010 vocational subjects tested so increased that is the theory of vocational or professional examinations.

Honesty Required Implementation of UN

Ministry of National Education (Events Calendar) will synergize the national exam results (UN) high school, vocational and MA as a ticket into college through the National Entrance Selection State University (SNMPTN), which targeted implemented in 2012. The new policy received various responses from a number of rectors in Medan.

To Global, Monday (26 / 7), Medan State University Rector and Rector Prof. Shawwal Gultom State Islamic Institute (IAIN) Sumut Prof. Ahmad Nur Fadhil Lubis claimed to support the policy of the Director General of Higher Education Events Calendar Djoko Santoso, who will enforce the policy starting next year .

According Shawwal, all results can be accounted for UN credibility, then the Events Calendar policy that there is no problem. "We have no problem with that policy, but they should be observed rather than the UN system. During this implementation indicated the existence of fraud or leakage problem, "said Syawal.

To achieve that direction, said Shawwal, the implementation of the UN needs to be developed in terms of material matter involving PTN as a party that will receive the prospective student.

While Rector of IAIN North Sumatra, Prof Ahmad Nur Fadhil Lubis said that this policy will, if implemented is not a new thing.

According to incoming PTN that there are some systems that do, the entrance of the government's selection test, final exam, each school and selection of college exams.

With the new policy of the minister, the Fadhil feel sure the government including North Sumatra were ready to implement the plan. While on the one hand he does not deny that the implementation of the UN is still far from expectations and its implementation still needs to be improved, particularly about supervision should be improved so that the outcome could be better.

SMK Pekerjaan Sosial

2011-03-11T07:09:00.000-08:00

Social Work is a professional and academic discipline committed to the pursuit of social welfare, social change and social justice. Social workers perform interventions through research, policy, community organizing, direct practice and teaching. Research is often focused on areas such as human development, social policy, public administration, program evaluation and international and community development. Social workers are organized into local, national, continental and international professional bodies. Social work, an interdisciplinary field, includes theories from economics, education, sociology, medicine, philosophy, politics, psychology, and as well as anti-oppressive and anti-racist discourse.

Qualifications for professional social work
Professional social workers are generally considered those who hold a professional degree in social work. In a number of countries and jurisdictions, registration or licensure of people working as social workers is required and there are mandated qualifications.
A social worker, practicing in the United States, usually requires a doctoral degree (Ph.D or DSW), master's degree (MSW) or a bachelor's degree (BSW or BASW) in social work from a Council on Social Work Education (CSWE) accredited program to receive a license in most states. The National Association of Social Workers (NASW) is the largest organization of professional social workers in the United States.
Depending on the university, the four year degree may be structured in different ways and draws upon many fields, including social work theory, psychology, human development, sociology, social policy, research methods, social planning and social administration.
A person with a BSW is considered a "generalist" and the MSW is considered "a specialist or advanced generalist"; a Ph.D. or D.S.W. (Doctor of Social Work) generally conducts research, teaches, or analyzes policy, often in higher education settings.
Various states in the United States "protect" the use of the title social worker by statute. The licensure or certification also requires a prelicensure examination through the ASWB (Association of Social Work Boards), with the exception of the State of California, who creates and administers their own licensing exam. Over half of all states offer licensure at various levels of social work practice, and clinical social work is regulated by licensure in all states. The pass rate for the Master's level licensing exam is around 74%.

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SMK Teknologi Kerumahtanggaan

2011-03-11T07:08:00.006-08:00

The household is "the basic residential unit in which economic production, consumption, inheritance, child rearing, and shelter are organized and carried out"; [the household] "may or may not be synonymous with family".
The household is the basic unit of analysis in many social, microeconomic and government models. The term refers to all individuals who live in the same dwelling.
In economics, a household is a person or a group of people living in the same residence.

Most economic models do not address whether the members of a household are a family in the traditional sense. Government and policy discussions often treat the terms household and family as synonymous, especially in western societies where the nuclear family has become the most common family structure. In reality, there is not always a one-to-one relationship between households and families.
For statistical purposes in the United Kingdom, a household is defined as "one person or a group of people who have the accommodation as their only or main residence and for a group, either share at least one meal a day or share the living accommodation, that is, a living room or sitting room" National Statistics.
The United States Census definition similarly turns on "separate living quarters", i.e. "those in which the occupants live and eat separately from any other persons in the building". A householder in the U.S. census is the "person (or one of the people) in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented (maintained);" if no person qualifies, any adult resident of a housing unit is a householder. The U.S. government formerly used the term head of the household and head of the family to describe householders; beginning in 1980, these terms were officially dropped from the census and replaced with householder.

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4427-KST-Jasa Boga
4436-KST-Patiseri
4445-KST-Kecantikan Kulit
4454-KST-Kecantikan Rambut
4463-KST-Busana Butik

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SMK Kerajinan

2011-03-11T07:08:00.005-08:00

A craft is a branch of profession that requires some particular kind of skilled work. In historical sense, particularly as pertinent to the Medieval history and earlier, the term is usually applied towards people occupied in small-scale production of goods.
Historically, craftsmen tended to concentrate in urban centers and formed the guilds. Trade occupation and the need to be permanently involved in the exchange of goods also demanded a generally higher level of education and in societal hierarchy the craftsmen were usually in a more privileged position than the peasantry.
The households of the members of the society occupied in trade professions were not as self-sufficient as of those engaged in agricultural work and, as such, had to rely on exchange of goods.

This system of a stepwise approach to mastery of a craft which invokes the obtainment of a certain amount of education and the learning of skills, has survived in some countries of the world until today, although craft has undergone deep structural changes during the era of the Industrial Revolution in which mass production of goods of the industry has limited craft to areas of life which the industry could not satisfy - due to its modes of functioning - or in which mass-produced goods would not meet the preferences of potential buyers. Moreover, as an outcome of these changes, craftspeople increasingly make use of semi-finished components or materials today, and accomplish and adapt such a kind of ware to their customers' demands and, if necessary, to the environments of their customers, taking it in hand, in case fitting-work is needed, and thus augment what the industry already had produced - through participating in a certain division of labour between industry and craft.

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4063-KST-Desain dan Produksi Kria Tekstil
4072-KST-Desain dan Produksi Kria Kulit
4089-KST-Desain dan Produksi Kria Keramik
4098-KST-Desain dan Produksi Kria Logam
4107-KST-Desain dan Produksi Kria Kayu
4347-KST-Desain Komunikasi Visual

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SMK Seni

2011-03-11T07:08:00.004-08:00

The arts are a vast subdivision of culture, composed of many creative endeavors and disciplines. It is a broader term than "art," which as a description of a field usually means only the visual arts.
A good definition of the arts is given by the Free Dictionary as "imaginative, creative, and nonscientific branches of knowledge considered collectively, esp. as studied academically."So, one could conclude that art is the process that leads to a product (the artwork or piece of art), which is then examined and analyzed by experts in the field of the arts or simply enjoyed by those who appreciate the arts.
The same source states:
Examples of such phraseology include: Fine Arts, Liberal Arts, Visual Arts, Decorative Arts, Applied Arts, Design, Crafts, Performing Arts, and so on.
The term art commonly refers to the "Visual Arts," as an abbreviation of creative art or fine art. For example, the History of art is described as "the history of the visual arts of painting, sculpture and architecture. It is the history of one of the fine arts, others of which are the performing arts and literature. The term sometimes encompasses theory of the visual arts, including aesthetics." In the article for Fine art, we read:
Confusion often occurs when people mistakenly refer to the Fine Arts but mean the Performing Arts (Music, Dance, Drama, etc.). However, there is some disagreement here: e.g., at York University (Toronto, Canada) Fine Arts is a faculty that includes the [visual arts], design and the "Performing Arts".To illustrate the previous statements, the College of Fine Arts at Stephen F. Austin State University (Nacogdoches, TX) consists of the Schools of "Art, Music and Theatre,"while one of the Bachelor of Fine Arts degrees at the University of British Columbia is attached to the Creative Writing Program.
More work will be required to standardize the use of the terms "art" and "fine art," but for the purpose of this article the definition of "the arts" is not problematic, because it includes all the arts. One artist has even suggested that "[it] would really simplify matters if we could all just stick with visual, auditory, performance or literary - when we speak of The Arts - and eliminate "Fine" altogether."

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4018-KST-Seni Murni
4036-KST-Seni Patung
4054-KST-Seni Lukis
4125-KST-Seni Musik Non Klasik
4134-KST-Seni Tari Jawatimuran
4143-KST-Seni Tari Makassar
4152-KST-Seni Tari Minang

4169-KST-Seni Pedalangan Yogyakarta
4178-KST-Seni Pedalangan Surakarta
4187-KST-Seni Pedalangan Jawatimuran
4196-KST-Seni Pedalangan Bali
4205-KST-Seni Tari Sunda
4214-KST-Seni Tari Bali
4223-KST-Seni Tari Surakarta
4232-KST-Seni Tari Yogyakarta
4249-KST-Seni Tari Banyumasan
4258-KST-Seni Karawitan Jawa Timuran
4267-KST-Seni Karawitan Makassar
4276-KST-Seni Karawitan Minang
4285-KST-Seni Karawitan Sunda
4294-KST-Seni Karawitan Surakarta
4303-KST-Seni Karawitan Yogyakarta
4312-KST-Seni Karawitan Bali
4329-KST-Seni Karawitan Banyumasan
4365-KST-Seni Musik Klasik
4392-KST-Seni Teater
4472-KST-Teknik Desain Interior dan Landscaping

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Not Creative Arts Vocational Curriculum, Traditional Still

Traditional art vocational curriculum needs to be more creative to meet the needs of the market. During this time, traditional art vocational curriculum too pegged at the old rules that do not comply with the demands.

Sunardi, Chairman of SMK Nusantara Arts, in Yogyakarta, on Monday (7 / 9), say, this is particularly visible in the curriculum of vocational majors puppetry. The curriculum in these majors still give priority to learning classical puppet that lasted all night.

"In fact, now limited to the classic puppet enthusiasts among the elderly. The condition of society is generally not possible anymore to watch all-night puppet because they have school or work the next day," said Sunardi, who is also head of smkn 1 Poor Bantul, Yogyakarta.

According to him, puppetry vocational curriculum needs to be directed at the puppet show that is more compact and dense. The curriculum also needs to teach the ways of presenting performances for children and adolescents, such as puppets for kindergarten and elementary school students or special puppet junior high and high school levels.

"It certainly takes a different skill and creativity," he said.

In addition, the lag time between the students graduated to become a professional puppeteer also need to be considered in the curriculum. A traditional art vocational school students need to be equipped with other competencies to be used in college or in jobs before they can use their skills.

Join Traditional Performer
Vocational school graduates majoring in puppetry, for example, on average takes 7-10 years before it can become a professional puppeteer. In those days, candidates are usually mastermind "nyantrik" or follow the mastermind behind more senior to increase knowledge and introduce yourself to the market.

"To anticipate this, all students in SMKN 1 Poor Bantul also get guitar lessons, batik, and computers," said Sunardi.

In addition to the school, some vocational students also hone the skills of traditional art in several galleries. One Student Programs puppetry smkn 1 Poor Bantul, Aji Ancient Saputra (18), for example, currently attend three workshops of puppetry in Bantul and Sleman.

"I can practice more mendalang. In school only basic knowledge, "he said.

Aji plans to continue education in college to the majors that support mendalang skills. "If it does not take puppetry at the Institut Seni Indonesia, I want to take the Literature of Java," he said.

I Nengah Maja, Deputy Head of SMKN 10 Bandung, say, dance lessons and gamelan sunda at SMK approximately 70 percent practices and 30 percent theory. The students are taught to master the basic techniques of traditional arts. Mastery of the traditional arts are also taught local artists. Need cooperation of all parties to develop the art of traditional culture like this.

According Nengah, art vocational school graduates majoring in dance and gamelan sunda more continue on to higher education in arts colleges or public universities. "They are more confident in continuing higher education for the future," he said.

Fasli Jalal, Director General of Higher Education Department of Education, said, support for educational institutions who deals in traditional art, good art vocational and higher education, must be sustainable.

"The nation's cultural assets that should be introduced widely to foreign tourists," he said.

This year, the government provides funds each USD 1 billion for higher education in order to make performance art or cultural promotion abroad. For arts education in public universities, there is assistance worth USD 500 million.

Opportunity to open the network held a cultural performance and cooperation with other countries expected to encourage the development of the diverse art culture. Arts colleges also can hold vocational arts.

SMK Pariwisata

2011-03-11T07:08:00.003-08:00

Tourism is travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes. The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel to and stay in places outside their usual environment for more than twenty-four (24) hours and not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited."
Tourism has become a popular global leisure activity. International tourism receipts grew to US$944 billion (euro 642 billion) in 2008, corresponding to an increase in real terms of 1.8%. This negative trend intensified during 2009, exacerbated in some countries due to the outbreak of the H1N1 influenza virus, resulting in a worldwide decline of 4% in 2009 to 880 million international tourists arrivals, and an estimated 6% decline in international tourism receipts.
Tourism is vital for many countries, such as Egypt, Greece, Lebanon, Spain, Malaysia and Thailand, and many island nations, such as The Bahamas, Fiji, Maldives, Philippines and the Seychelles, due to the large intake of money for businesses with their goods and services and the opportunity for employment in the service industries associated with tourism. These service industries include transportation services, such as airlines, cruise ships and taxicabs, hospitality services, such as accommodations, including hotels and resorts, and entertainment venues, such as amusement parks, casinos, shopping malls, music venues and theatres.

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4409-KST-Usaha Perjalanan Wisata
4418-KST-Akomodasi Perhotelan

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SMK Penjualan

2011-03-11T07:08:00.002-08:00

A sale is the act of selling of products or services in return for money or other compensation. The seller – the provider of the goods or services – completes a sale in response to an acquisition or to an appropriation or to a request. There follows the passing of title (property or ownership) in the item, and the application and due settlement of a price, the obligation for which arises due to the seller's requirement to pass ownership. Ideally, a seller agrees upon a price at which he willingly parts with ownership of or any claim upon the item. The purchaser, though a party to the sale, does not execute the sale, only the seller does that. To be precise the sale completes prior to the payment and gives rise to the obligation of payment. If the seller completes the first two above stages (consent and passing ownership) of the sale prior to settlement of the price, the sale remains valid and gives rise to an obligation to pay.

Selling technique is the body of methods used in the profession of sales, also often called personal selling.
Techniques in use in selling interviews vary from the highly customer centric consultative selling to the heavily pressured "hard close".
All techniques borrow a bit from experience and mix in a bit of guesswork on the psychology of what motivates others to buy something offered to them. Mastery in the techniques of selling can offer very high incomes, while failure in it is nearly proverbial. Coverage of the latter is popularized in works such as Death of a Salesman and Glengarry Glen Ross.
Because selling faces a high level of rejection, it is often difficult for the practitioner to handle emotionally, and is usually cited as the most common reason for leaving the profession.

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6054-KST-Pemasaran

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SMK Akuntansi

2011-03-11T07:08:00.001-08:00

Accountancy is the process of communicating financial information about a business entity to users such as shareholders and managers. The principles of accountancy are applied to business entities in three divisions of practical art, named accounting, bookkeeping, and auditing.
Accountancy is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) as "the profession or duties of an accountant".

Accounting is defined by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) as "the art of recording, classifying, and summarizing in a significant manner and in terms of money, transactions and events which are, in part at least, of financial character, and interpreting the results thereof."
Accounting is thousands of years old; the earliest accounting records, which date back more than 7,000 years, were found in Mesopotamia (Assyrians). The people of that time relied on primitive accounting methods to record the growth of crops and herds. Accounting evolved, improving over the years and advancing as business advanced.
Early accounts served mainly to assist the memory of the businessperson and the audience for the account was the proprietor or record keeper alone. Cruder forms of accounting were inadequate for the problems created by a business entity involving multiple investors, so double-entry bookkeeping first emerged in northern Italy in the 14th century, where trading ventures began to require more capital than a single individual was able to invest. The development of joint stock companies created wider audiences for accounts, as investors without firsthand knowledge of their operations relied on accounts to provide the requisite information. Today, accounting is called "the language of business" because it is the vehicle for reporting financial information about a business entity to many different groups of people. Accounting that concentrates on reporting to people inside the business entity is called management accounting and is used to provide information to employees, managers, owner-managers and auditors. Management accounting is concerned primarily with providing a basis for making management or operating decisions. Accounting that provides information to people outside the business entity is called financial accounting and provides information to present and potential shareholders, creditors such as banks or vendors, financial analysts, economists, and government agencies. Because these users have different needs, the presentation of financial accounts is very structured and subject to many more rules than management accounting. The body of rules that governs financial accounting is called Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, or GAAP.

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6018-KST-Akuntansi
6027-KST-Perbankan
6036-KST-Perbankan Syariah

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SMK Pertanian

2011-03-11T07:08:00.000-08:00

Agriculture is the artificial cultivation and processing of animals, plants, fungi and other life forms for food, fibers and other byproducts. The study of agriculture is known as agricultural science. Agriculture is also observed in certain species of ant and termite.
The history of agriculture dates back thousands of years, and its development has been driven and defined by greatly different climates, cultures, and technologies. For plants, this usually requires some form of irrigation, although there are methods of dryland farming; pastoral herding on rangeland is still the most common means of raising livestock. In the developed world, industrial agriculture based on large-scale monoculture has become the dominant system of modern farming, although there is growing support for sustainable agriculture (e.g. permaculture or organic agriculture).
Modern agronomy, plant breeding, pesticides and fertilizers, and technological improvements have sharply increased yields from cultivation, but at the same time have caused widespread ecological damage and negative human health effects. The major agricultural products can be broadly grouped into foods, fibers, fuels, and raw materials. Specific foods include cereals, vegetables, fruits, and meat. Fibers include cotton, wool, hemp, silk and flax. Raw materials include lumber and bamboo. Other useful materials are produced by plants, such as resins. Biofuels include methane from biomass, ethanol, and biodiesel. Cut flowers, nursery plants, tropical fish and birds for the pet trade are some of the ornamental products.
The services sector has overtaken agriculture as the economic sector employing the most people worldwide.

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5023-KST-Budidaya Ikan Air Tawar
5032-KST-Teknologi Pengolahan Hasil Pertanian
5049-KST-Teknologi Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan
5058-KST-Mekanisasi Pertanian
5067-KST-Agribisnis Rumput Laut
5085-KST-Pembibitan Tanaman
5094-KST-Agribisnis Ternak Ruminansia
5103-KST-Budidaya Ternak Unggas
5112-KST-Budidaya Ikan Air Payau
5129-KST-Kehutanan
5138-KST-Teknologi Pengolahan Hasil Pertanian Non Pangan
5156-KST-Pengawasan Mutu
5165-KST-Budidaya Tanaman Sayuran
5174-KST-Budidaya Tanaman Buah Semusim
5183-KST-Agribisnis Tanaman Perkebunan
5218-KST-Budidaya Tanaman Pangan
5227-KST-Teknik Budidaya dan Pengolahan Perikanan
5236-KST-Budidaya Ikan Air Laut
5245-KST-Penyuluhan Pertanian
5254-KST-Perawatan Kesehatan Ternak
5263-KST-Agribisnis Tanaman Pangan dan Holtikultura
5272-KST-Agribisnis Pembibitan Tanaman dan Kultur Jaringan
5289-KST-Agribisnis Perikanan
5298-KST-Agribisnis Aneka Ternak

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SMK Administrasi Perkantoran

2011-03-11T06:33:00.003-08:00

In business, administration consists of the performance or management of business operations and thus the making or implementing of a major decision. Administration can be defined as the universal process of organizing people and resources efficiently so as to direct activities toward common goals and objectives.
The word is derived from the Middle English word administracioun, which is in turn derived from the French administration, itself derived from the Latin administratio — a compounding of ad ("to") and ministratio ("give service").

Administrator can serve as the title of the general manager or company secretary who reports to a corporate board of directors. In some organizational analyses, management is viewed as a subset of administration, specifically associated with the technical and mundane elements within an organization's operation. It stands distinct from executive or strategic work.
In other organizational analyses, administration can refer to the bureaucratic or operational performance of mundane office tasks, usually internally oriented and reactive rather than proactive.
The world's first business school, the Ecole Supérieure de Commerce de Paris, France, was established in 1819. The first business school in the United States, the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, was founded in 1881. Anecdotically, top French business school HEC was also created in 1881, while Harvard Business School, founded in 1908, was born just one year after France's prestigious ESSEC

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6045-KST-Administrasi Perkantoran

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SMK Kesehatan

2011-03-11T06:33:00.002-08:00

Health is the general condition of a person in all aspects. From Google dictionary: "The state of being free from illness or injury".
At the time of the creation of the World Health Organization (WHO), in 1948, health was defined as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity".
Some of them highlight its lack of operational value and the problem created by use of the word "complete." In 1986, the WHO, in the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, said that health is "a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living. Health is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities." Classification systems such as the WHO Family of International Classifications (WHO-FIC), which is composed of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) also define health.

Overall health is achieved through a combination of physical, mental, and social well-being, which, together is commonly referred to as the Health Triangle.
Health care
Health care is the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease, illness, injury, and other physical and mental impairments in humans. Health care is delivered by practitioners in medicine, dentistry, nursing, pharmacy and allied health. The exact configuration of health care systems varies from country to country, but in all cases requires a robust financing mechanism; a well-trained and adequately paid workforce; reliable information on which to base decisions and policies; and well maintained facilities and logistics to deliver quality medicines and technologies.
The delivery of modern health care depends on an expanding group of trained professionals coming together as an interdisciplinary team.
The health-care industry incorporates several sectors that are dedicated to providing health care services and products. According to industry and market classifications, such as the Global Industry Classification Standard and the Industry Classification Benchmark, the health-care industry includes health care equipment and services as well as pharmaceuticals, biotechnology and life sciences. The particular sectors associated with these groups are: biotechnology, diagnostic substances, drug delivery, drug manufacturers, hospitals, medical equipment and instruments, diagnostic laboratories, nursing homes, providers of health care plans and home health care.
According to government industry classifications, which are mostly based on the United Nations system, the International Standard Industrial Classification, health care generally consists of hospital activities, medical and dental practice activities, and other human health activities. The last class consists of all activities for human health not performed by hospitals, physicians or dentists.
This involves activities of, or under the supervision of, nurses, midwives, physiotherapists, scientific or diagnostic laboratories, pathology clinics, home, or other para-medical practitioners in the field of optometry, hydrotherapy, medical massage, yoga therapy, music therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, chiropody, homeopathy, chiropractics, acupuncture, etc

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3014-KST-Keperawatan
3023-KST-Keperawatan Gigi
3032-KST-Analis Kesehatan
3049-KST-Farmasi
3058-KST-Perawatan Sosial
3067-KST-Farmasi Industri

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Latihan Soal UN SMK 2011 Bahasa Inggris

2011-03-11T06:33:00.001-08:00

English about the UN is made of about 40 (forty) about and apply for SMA / MA all courses, all courses SMK, SMP / MTS, and are not tested in the UN SD / MI. English Problem looks more difficult than a matter of Indonesian at UN SMA / MA. But the facts prove a lot of students who get good grades in the National Exam. Though not our own language, but students are not underestimated, so they try hard to learn. Well Exercises Questions UN vocational English 2011 is to assist your students in the face of UN SMK SMK 2011.

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Materi Bahasa Inggris UN SMK

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Students SMKN 10 Must Master the 28 Dancing
ALREADY become a habit, every time we face the National Examination (UN) SMK 10 Bandung students always hold performances from various majors.

The show is part of a competency test SMKN 10 or Secondary School Karawitan Indonesia (ISMS) Bandung. A total of 42 students majoring in dance perform better learning results in the form of dance and theater ISMS kepenataan in Bandung, Jln. Downstream Cijawura Bandung, on Tuesday (8 / 3).

Kepenataan dance performances and is the culmination of learning in the department of dance ISMS Bandung.

During the three years studied, the 42 students must master about 28 dances, like the peacock dance, mask Tumenggung parahyangan, Arimbi, gawil, Gatotkaca, mask koncaran, antaredja, roamer Cirebon mask, jaipong, and so forth.

From the 28th of this dance, said Chairman of Department of Dance ISMS, Ade Nana Priyatna someone has to be staged in the competency test, especially the dances are held, but has got a touch of packaging.

This means that every student should be packing the dance that dominated both in terms of time and motion. "It means a mental test and the readiness of students packed the dance into a decent dance was performed," he said.

Latihan Soal UN SMK 2011 Bahasa Indonesia

2011-03-11T06:33:00.000-08:00

Problem Indonesian UN made about 50 (fifty) about and apply for SMA / MA all courses, all courses SMK, SMP / MTS, and SD / MI. Problem Indonesian UN SMA / MA is often viewed lightly but there are many students who get bad value. Why regarded lightly? This is possible because the language itself, rich air of can but oh was hard:) Why yes. What's Wrong with us?
At the UN 2010 High School students are many who feel nervous in answering questions about Indonesian. They are not sure to get maximum value from these subjects. Some questions answered students with a way to figure out because they do not know the right answer.

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About five questions (out of 50 questions) that I really do not know, according to the news about which most students do not know, especially at the high school examination. He felt about Indonesian outwit many students because between about one and other similar problems. At the time of practice problems before the test, two teachers who have guided him a different answer. There are also students who felt really learn when reading about the Indonesian language. When asked about the difficulties, he only shake his head as he took a deep breath.

At least 27,378 students of 228 schools and vocational high schools and Private in South Jakarta this year will follow the National Examination (UN).

Kasudin and Secondary Education (Dikmen) Jaksel Slamet Widodo hope in this 2011/2012 academic year it may reach 100 percent of both high school graduation or vocational school.

"Last year at graduation Jaksel major UN and UN SMK 92.21 percent 90.67 percent of high school principal," said Slamet Widodo during the socialization of UN 2011/2012 to 228 high school principal, vocational Affairs and Madrasah Aliyah (MAN) at SMK 6, yesterday.

Added Kasudin Jaksel Dikmen, for graduate students in 2011 was not entirely from the UN (60 percent) but the remainder (40 percent) were taken from students since the semester report cards III, IV and V. That is no longer impress the student of 3 years finally fell just at the UN.

On this basis, within a period of 3 years, kedislipinan and school exam results remain a consideration. Apart from the UN itself.

To further enhance students' graduation Slamet Widodo, teachers and principals who are members of the Council Principal (MKS) for High School and Vocational School Principal Working Group (K3SK) Jaksel independently has held a series of try out (test) related to the standard surgical graduation.

Latihan Soal UN SMK 2011 Mathematics

2011-03-11T06:32:00.000-08:00

Mathematical Problem UN made about 40 (forty) about and apply for SMA / MA all courses, all courses SMK, SMP / MTS, and SD / MI. Apparently the UN SMA / MA Math is not about the most difficult, but it was more feared Indonesian. Subjects that are sometimes considered to be easy it would be able to make some high school student / MA hassles at work. Some students complain of lack of sufficient time to do the problems of Mathematics. Problem still easy math, but it is less time if only two hours. If to be 100 or bener all hell should ditambahin little more time.

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Number of high school students (high school) and vocational schools (SMK) in Cimahi the school final exam (UAS) this year reached 5,000 people. UAS implementation has been started since Monday (7 / 3) and ends on Saturday (12 / 3) future.

Head of Education (Disdik) Cimahi, Wikanta Tata told reporters on Wednesday (9 / 3), said this year for final execution earlier than the implementation of national examinations (UN). This is due to differences in assessment of students' graduation. Last year the assessment is only based on the UN, while this year the 40% value UAS affect students' graduation and the rest (60%) the results of the UN.

"The national examination is not the only graduate students, but is determined also by the UAS and the semester report card from semester 3 to 5," said Tata told reporters at the sidelines of the implementation of "Storytelling Competition Elementary Level" at the Library of Cimahi.

Related to the implementation of the UN, Tata said, in general Cimahi was ready to hold the UN. "In principle we are ready to face the UN in 2011, especially schools, including students who will carry out examinations," he said.

Orderly

Meanwhile, based on monitoring "GM", the implementation of UAS third day in SMA Negeri 1 Cimahi, Wednesday (9 / 3), orderly and calm. A total of 371 students, ie 229 students and 142 science students IPS follow UAS implemented in 20 rooms.

"Now these subjects tested at the UN, was also tested in the UAS. The year before, subjects tested in the UN was not tested at UAS," said Treasurer Operator Exams SMA Negeri 1 Cimahi, Drs. Endi Diana Ruskandi when met at the sidelines of the implementation of the UAS.

In previous years, said Edi, subjects tested in the UAS are subjects that are not tested in the UN. Now all the subjects tested in the UAS. "Add six subjects, so there are 13 subjects tested," said Endi.

When mentioned about the constraints faced in implementation of the UAS, Endi explained, the main obstacle is cost. "The main obstacle was cost, because the UAS in 2011 differ from previous years. Of course, this policy causes the budget to swell because of APBS only budgeted for subjects not tested in the UN," he said.

UN SMK Technology Competency Skills

2011-03-11T05:45:00.000-08:00

Technology is the usage and knowledge of tools, techniques, crafts, systems or methods of organization in order to solve a problem or serve some purpose. The word technology means the study of something, or the branch of knowledge of a discipline. Technologies significantly affect human as well as other animal species' ability to control and adapt to their natural environments. The human species' use of technology began with the conversion of natural resources into simple tools. The prehistorical discovery of the ability to control fire increased the available sources of food and the invention of the wheel helped humans in travelling in and controlling their environment. Recent technological developments, including the printing press, the telephone, and the Internet, have lessened physical barriers to communication and allowed humans to interact freely on a global scale.

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However, not all technology has been used for peaceful purposes; the development of weapons of ever-increasing destructive power has progressed throughout history, from clubs to nuclear weapons.
Technology has affected society and its surroundings in a number of ways. In many societies, technology has helped develop more advanced economies (including today's global economy) and has allowed the rise of a leisure class. Many technological processes produce unwanted by-products, known as pollution, and deplete natural resources, to the detriment of the Earth and its environment. Various implementations of technology influence the values of a society and new technology often raises new ethical questions. Examples include the rise of the notion of efficiency in terms of human productivity, a term originally applied only to machines, and the challenge of traditional norms.
Philosophical debates have arisen over the present and future use of technology in society, with disagreements over whether technology improves the human condition or worsens it. Neo-Luddism, anarcho-primitivism, and similar movements criticise the pervasiveness of technology in the modern world, opining that it harms the environment and alienates people; proponents of ideologies such as transhumanism and techno-progressivism view continued technological progress as beneficial to society and the human condition.

Vocational School

2011-03-11T04:39:00.000-08:00

A vocational school (or trade school or career school), providing vocational education, is a school in which students are taught the skills needed to perform a particular job. Traditionally, vocational schools have not existed to further education in the sense of liberal arts, but rather to teach only job-specific skills, and as such have been better considered to be institutions devoted to training, not education. That purely vocational focus began changing in the 1990s "toward a broader preparation that develops the academic" and technical skills of students, as well as the vocational.

In the USA, vocational schools are usually considered post-secondary schools, but in some instances may take the place of the final years of high school. Nevertheless vocational schools are only two years of schooling. They may be public schools and as such are operated by a government, school district or other officially-sanctioned group, in which case they may or may not charge tuition. Most purely vocational schools are private schools; within this group they may be further subdivided into non-profit schools and proprietary schools, operated for the economic benefit of their owners. For a long time many proprietary vocational schools had a poor reputation for quality in many instances, and for over promising what the job prospects for their graduates would actually be; this has been largely corrected by more stringent regulation. The term career college is reserved for post-secondary for-profit institutions. Vocational schools have decreased severely in the United States by the replacement of offering alternative trade classes at specific schools.
In Indonesia, vocational secondary schools (SMK) is one form of formal education unit that organizes vocational education at secondary education level as a continuation of the junior high level, or equivalent or other form of advanced learning outcomes are recognized as equal / equivalent to junior high schools. SMK often referred to as STM (Technical High School). In CMS, there are lots of Expertise Programme.

Latihan Soal UN SMK 2011

2011-02-14T16:04:00.000-08:00

UN SMK is the National Examination is for secondary vocational schools (SMK) is one form of formal education unit that organizes vocational education at secondary education level as a continuation of the junior high level, or equivalent or other form of advanced learning outcomes are recognized as equal / equivalent SMP / MTs. SMK often referred to as STM (Technical High School). In CMS, there are lots of Expertise Programme.

Latihan Soal UN SMK 2011

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In 2011 the UN SMK has been ascertained only 5 (five) subjects (maple) for the National Examination are:

Mathematics,
Indonesian,
English,
Vocational Theory, and
Vocational Practice

Jadwal UN SMK 2011

2011-02-14T15:46:00.000-08:00

Implementation of the National Examination for students 2010/2011 school / vocational school or equivalent as Numfor Biak, Papua, will begin simultaneously at 18 to 21 April 2011.

"The UN in 2011 little changed policy where if a student does not pass the national examination in 2011 so he can take the national exam A package of educational equality (equal SD) package B (equivalent to junior high school) sera package C (equivalent to high school) or repeat back to school concerned, "said Chief Executive Office of Education, Youth, and Sports Biak, Kamaruddin Spd, Sunday (23/01/2011).

Accordance with the policies of national line ministries of national education in the implementation of UN 2010/2011 testing does not repeat for students do not pass the national exams as applicable in 2010.

Decree of the Ministry of National Education could not provide the opportunity to repeat the exam, go Kamaruddin, the chances of students who do not pass the national examination given a solution to repeat a school or follow the education package in order to prevent students dropping out of school concerned.

To get maximum results in the implementation of the UN in 2011 ranks Disdik Biak through school at all educational levels has made the material enrichment program through additional tutoring subjects tested on the national exam 2011.

With the additional lessons in every school, is expected to be better prepared students master the course material provided by teachers of the individual, and able to achieve performance greater percentage of passing students in 2011.

According to schedule of National Examination 2011 for high school education level, SMALB, and vocational lasted 18 to 21 April 2011, while the UN Supplementary schedules SMA / MK, SMALB, and vocational school at 25 to 28 April 2011, while the Vocational Practice Exams for CMS no later than one month prior to the implementation of the UN.

For National Examination schedule junior high schools, junior high schools and junior exceptional starting April 25 to 28, 2011 and subsequent examinations 3 to 6 May 2011, while education level SD / MI equal lasts 10 to 12 May 2011 and May 18 to 20 aftershocks UN 2011.

"I appealed elementary, junior high and high school / vocational school district as Biak Numfor who follow the UN in 2011 to increase the frequency of learning as well as extending the exercise to answer the questions subjects tested in the upcoming national exams," please Kamaruddin.

Prediksi Soal Ujian Nasional SMK 2010

2010-03-19T23:35:00.000-07:00

National examination for vocational high school this year is changing. Skills competency courses, Vocational Theory, tested along with other subjects, namely Mathematics, Indonesian, and English.

At the UN in 2009, eye tests Vocational Theory is a prerequisite only for the practice exam.

"Examination of vocational practice before a major UN conducted in every school and guided the industry partners. Vocational practice exams including the eye test as the UN and the average quota value of the overall UN. Pass the minimum score for the test is 7.00 vocational practice, "said Director of Development of Vocational High School (SMK) Ministry of National Education in Jakarta Joko Sutrisno, Tuesday (26 / 1).

Heavier burden

Vocational students' burden will become more severe when compared with high school students having to complete the five major UN eye exams, namely Indonesian subjects, English, Mathematics, Vocational Theory and Practice Vocational. "A total of five tests for Vocational eyes," said Joko.

The participants passed the national examination if the UN meet graduation standards with an average score of at least 5.50 for all subjects tested with a minimum value of at most 4.00 for two courses and a minimum of 4.25 for the other subjects.

Especially for vocational, vocational practice test score of at least 7.00 and is used to calculate the average value of the UN.

Vocational practice exams are conducted before the theory test is expected to be implemented February 15, 2010. In contrast to previous practice exams conducted in groups, practice exams are now done individually.

"No more test groups. This is to make sure that vocational students can take the test really works, "said Joko.

No information

According to Joko, according to Program 100 Day of United Indonesia Cabinet II, education directed to support economic growth so that the test of practice is important. It is intended that CMS is able to produce graduates who are capable of entrepreneurship, work independently, and ready to absorb the industry or other labor market.

Joko said that, on average only about 10 percent or vocational 80.000-90,000 graduates each year who continue their education to higher education.

Vocational graduates in 2009 reached 891,184 people and for the year 2010 is projected amount reached 1,087,098 people graduated with a projection that is absorbed by the labor market of about 50 percent (543,549 people).

"Targeted, in 2014 approximately 70 percent of vocational graduates could be absorbed by the world of work," said Joko.

Separately, Asep Tapip, Deputy Head of SMK 15, Bandung, say, the problems of vocational theory since last year made by the center. Previously, vocational theory test material created by teachers.

As for the practice of vocational schools only as a facilitator or organizer. Assessment tests conducted Asesor practice, industry, or professional organizations as the skills taught in vocational concerned.

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National Exam Practice Questions (UN) allotment for vocational students Vocational High School (SMK) as one form of formal education units of vocational education in secondary education as a continuation of the SMP, MTs, or other forms of equal or continuation of the results study recognized the same / equivalent to SMP / MTs.

National Exam Questions SMK (Vocational High School) includes lesson:

Latihan Bahasa Indonesia

Bahasa Indonesia SMK Teknik
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Bahasa Indonesia SMK Non Teknik
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Latihan Bahasa Inggris

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Latihan Matematika SMK Teknik

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Latihan Matematika SMK Non Teknik

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100 work program according to the Minister of National Education Day, the current education directed to support economic growth so that the test of practice vocational secondary schools (SMK) is important for CMS to produce graduates who are capable of entrepreneurship, self-employment, or ready to absorb the industry or other labor markets.

If this year's graduates to the absorption of new labor market 50 percent, then each year there are expected to increase 5 percent.
- Joko Sutrisno

The statement was made by the Director of Development of Vocational High School (SMK) Ministry of National Education Joko Sutrisno, Tuesday (26/1/2010) in Jakarta. Joko said that, on average only 10 percent (approximately 80-90000 graduates every year) graduates who went on vocational education to higher education.

He added, vocational graduates in 2009 and reached 891,184 people. In 2010, the number that is projected to reach 1,087,098 people graduated with a projection that is absorbed by the labor market of about 50 percent (543,549 people).

"If this year's graduates to the absorption of new labor market 50 percent, each year there are expected to increase 5 percent, so in 2014 vocational graduates can be absorbed 70 percent of the world of work," said Joko.

Previously reported, began the National Examination (UN) this 2009/2010 school year, subject competence skills in vocational theory tested in the main UN. Previously, eye test is only a theory of vocational prerequisites before taking a practice test.

Vocational practice exams, before the main national examination, conducted at each school to be guided by industry partners. Vocational practice exam is included in the UN and the eye test as the average quota value of the overall UN.

Theory of Information and Communication Technology

2010-03-16T13:23:00.000-07:00

Role of IT In Business Growth

World is changing and along with it, flow of information is changing too. Railways and Airways are connected with Information Technology. If we want to travel we can book tickets online, reserve rooms, etc. Sea routes are also connected. IT has become an essential part of our day to day life whether it's field of education, or entertainment, or business; everything is touched by information technology. Doctors can also help patients online, prescribing medicines or helping other doctor in dealing with emergency cases.
Buying and selling has become quite easy now. Online shopping through credit cards and debit cards has made purchasing effortless. Managing accounts, transferring of cash, depositing, withdrawing is no more a tedious task. Another field where IT has brought immense growth is Business sector.
In this IT driven corporate world it is essential to determine new ways to grow in business. It is important to understand that top management cannot alone manage the business; there vision and IT together can achieve higher objectives. Information technology and business together refers to management resources and using information by computer tools for gathering, processing information, storage of information and distribution of information. Small scale businesses buy software packages in order to run their business whereas large business firms can appoint engineers to build their own software to support company's tasks. This has resulted in new job opportunities such as computer programmers, analysts, developers (hardware and software), etc. Implementing IT in an effective manner would decrease the cost; cost which is expected at the time of failure. Also increases the flexibility.

Large sectors, complicated, complex sectors have been transformed into centralized/ decentralized organizations. Opportunities have been increased in business; companies unlike manufacturing or distribution also make use of software either in determining weather conditions, freshness of product, or managing company's centers. Work can be optimized, costs can be reduced, and risks involved can be minimized and thus adds in growth of business. Determination of better strategies for business and solutions for business problems can be solved by IT. Companies may also exchange technology over the network.
The continuous growth in information technology is affecting all workers in the organization working at different levels, from top level executives to central level managing staff to lower level workers.

Get a Degree in Health Information Technology
A degree in health information technology opens up many career options. Whether someone is interested in the scientific aspects of the field, or the business needed to ensure the processes run smoothly, the job options are numerous. A health information technician has the job of reviewing the medical charts of patients. While checking for completion and accuracy, they also compile reports and assign the diagnosis codes for several purposes. The diagnosis codes are used by the physician, insurance claims, and data collection. The work that an information technician does ensures that the healthcare providers can work efficiently for the patients. This occupation requires great computer proficiency and little direct contact with the patients. Entry level positions are available with an associate's degree, but certification is required by the state in many cases.
A medical coder's task is similar to that of a health information technician but adds more of a business element to the job. Again, the medical coder will review documents for the physicians. However, this job requires further assessment. Next, diagnostic and procedural codes are assigned and sequenced using the standard coding system. The business aspect is entered in because the financial reimbursement hinges upon the accuracy of this coding system. An associate's degree is necessary to reach an entry level position. The position of a medical coder is a popular entry point into the health care field due to the advancement opportunities that stem from having this knowledge.
Healthcare information managers deal almost solely with the business components of services. They are the ones that manage the systems that house all the documents, including insurance and those provided by the physician. Managers are needed in hospitals, nursing homes, home care agencies, and any other business in a related field. This position requires at least a bachelor's degree, but many also have a master's degree.
Medical secretaries enable the work performed in this professional sphere to run efficiently. They perform clerical and administrative work. Among these tasks include managing correspondence and transcribing dictation. Secretaries must be knowledgeable concerning the paperwork such as insurance and billing, but must also understand the laboratory procedures.
A degree in health information technology allows those entering the medical field to earn a place and maintain a professional career. With increased education, the opportunities increase exponentially.

Wireless Communications Vocational Schools
Wireless Communications Vocational Schools offer courses of study for diplomas and associate degrees in wireless technology. As wireless communications technology continues to explode in growth and uses of wireless technology expands, there is a continuous need for well-educated technicians who know how to design, install, and maintain equipment for mobile and wireless communications, digital telephones, and other media.
Vocational school training in wireless communications will likely include the study of low-power analog, digital, and radio frequency circuitry; speech, video, and image compression communication theory; management and control policies of communication networks; smart antennas; and multimedia applications of wireless communications technology.
Wireless communications training will prepare students for entry into the field wireless communications, which continue to grow throughout the world at astonishingly rapid rates. Professionals in wireless communications technology will enjoy long and varied careers, and training in wireless communications will continue to be valuable for a long time to come.
Graduates of wireless communications programs will work for a local broadcast stations, a multinational media conglomerates, a utility companies, and branches of the armed forces, where communications technology are vital to combat survival.

Information Systems Theory 101
"The first on-line, real-time, interactive, data base system was double-entry bookkeeping which was developed by the merchants of Venice in 1200 A.D."
- Bryce's Law
Systems work is not as hard as you might think. However, we have a tendency in this business to complicate things by changing the vocabulary of systems work and introducing convoluted concepts and techniques, all of which makes it difficult to produce systems in a consistent manner. Consequently, there is a tendency to reinvent the wheel with each systems development project. 1. THERE ARE THREE INHERENT PROPERTIES TO ANY SYSTEM
Regardless of the type of system, be it an irrigation system, a communications relay system, an information system, or whatever, all systems have three basic properties:
A. A system has a purpose - such as to distribute water to plant life, bouncing a communications signal around the country to consumers, or producing information for people to use in conducting business.
The bond may be water as in the irrigation system, a microwave signal as used in communications, or, as we will see, data in an information system.
C. A system operates routinely and, as such, it is predictable in terms of how it works and what it will produce.
All systems embrace these simple properties. For our purposes, the remainder of this paper will focus on "information systems" as this is what we are normally trying to produce for business. In other words, the development of an orderly arrangement or grouping of components dedicated to producing information to support the actions and decisions of a particular business. Information Systems are used to pay employees, manage finances, manufacture products, monitor and control production, forecast trends, process customer orders, etc.
If the intent of the system is to produce information, we should have a good understanding of what it is...
2. INFORMATION = DATA + PROCESSING
Information is not synonymous with data. Data is the raw material needed to produce information. Data by itself is meaningless. Net-Pay = Gross-Pay - FICA - Insurance - City-Tax - Union-Dues - (etc.)
Only when data is presented in a specific arrangement for use by the human being does it become information. If the human being cannot act on it or base a decision from it, it is nothing more than raw data. This implies data is stored, and information is produced. Information, therefore, can be defined as "the intelligence or insight gained from the processing and/or analysis of data."
The other variable in our formula is "processing" which specifies how data is to be collected, as well as its retrieval in order to produce information. Information is not always needed "upon request" (aka "on demand"); sometimes it is needed once daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, annually, etc. These timing nuances will ultimately dictate how data is collected, stored, and retrieved. To illustrate, assume we collect data once a week. No matter how many times during the week we make a query of the data base, the data will only be valid as of the last weekly update. Our formula of "I = D + P" makes an important point: if the data is changed, yet the processing remains the same, the information will change. Conversely, if the data remains the same, yet the processing changes, the information will also change. This leads to a compelling argument to manage data and processing as separate by equal resources which can be manipulated and reused to produce information as needed.
3. SYSTEMS ARE LOGICAL IN NATURE AND CAN BE PHYSICALLY IMPLEMENTED MANY DIFFERENT WAYS
An information system is a collection of processes (aka, "sub-systems") to either collect and store data, to retrieve data and produce information, or a combination of both. The cohesive bond between these components is the data which should be shared and reused throughout the system (as well as other systems). You will observe we have not yet discussed the most suitable way to physically implement the processes, such as through the use of manual processes, computer programs, or other office technology. In other words, at this stage, the sub-systems of the system simply define logically WHAT data must be processed, WHEN it must be processed, and who will consume the information (aka "end-users"), but it most definitely does not specify HOW the sub-system is to be implemented.
Following this, developers determine a suitable approach for physically implementing each sub-system. This decision should ultimately be based on practicality and cost effectiveness. Sub-systems can be implemented using manual procedures, computer procedures (software), office automation procedures, or combinations of all three. Depending on the complexity of the sub-system, several procedures may be involved. Regardless of the procedures selected, developers must establish the precedent relationships in the execution of the procedures, either sequentially, iteratively, of choice (thereby allowing divergent paths). By defining the procedures in this manner, from start to end, the developers are defining the "work flow" of the sub-system, which specifies HOW the data will be physically processed (including how it is to be created, updated, or referenced).
Defining information systems logically is beneficial for two reasons:
* It provides for the consideration of alternative physical implementations. How one developer designs it may very well be different than the next developer. It also provides the means to effectively determine how a purchased software package may satisfy the needs. * It provides independence from physical equipment, thereby simplifying the migration to a new computer platform. It also opens the door for system portability, for example; our consulting firm helped a large Fortune 500 conglomerate design a single logical payroll system which was implemented on at least three different computer platforms as used by their various operating units; although they physically worked differently, it was all the same basic system producing the same information.
These logical and physical considerations leads to our final concept...
4. A SYSTEM IS A PRODUCT THAT CAN BE ENGINEERED AND MANUFACTURED LIKE ANY OTHER PRODUCT.
An information system can be depicted as a four level hierarchy (aka, "standard system structure"):
LEVEL 1 - System
LEVEL 2 - Sub-systems (aka "business processes") - 2 or more
LEVEL 3 - Procedures (manual, computer, office automation) - 1 or more for each sub-system
LEVEL 4 - Programs (for computer procedures), and Steps (for all others) - 1 or more for each procedure
Each level represents a different level of abstraction of the system, from general to specific (aka, "Stepwise Refinement" as found in blueprinting). This means design is a top-down effort. As designers move down the hierarchy, they finalize design decisions. So much so, by the time they finish designing Level 4 for a computer procedure, they should be ready to write program source code based on thorough specifications, thereby taking the guesswork out of programming.
The hierarchical structure of an information system is essentially no different than any other common product; to illustrate:
LEVEL 1 - Product
LEVEL 2 - Assembly - 2 or more
LEVEL 3 - Sub-assembly - 1 or more for each assembly
LEVEL 4 - Operation - 1 or more for each sub-assembly
Again, the product is designed top-down and assembled bottom-up (as found in assembly lines). This process is commonly referred to as design by "explosion" (top-down), and implementation by "implosion" (bottom-up). An information system is no different in that it is designed top-down, and tested and installed bottom-up. In engineering terms, this concept of a system/product is commonly referred to as a "four level bill of materials" where the various components of the system/product are defined and related to each other in various levels of abstraction (from general to specific).
This approach also suggests parallel development. After the system has been designed into sub-systems, separate teams of developers can independently design the sub-systems into procedures, programs, and steps. This is made possible by the fact that all of the data requirements were identified as the system was logically subdivided into sub-systems. Data is the cohesive bond that holds the system together. From an engineering/manufacturing perspective it is the "parts" used in the "product." As such, management of the data should be relegated to a separate group of people to control in the same manner as a "materials management" function (inventory) in a manufacturing company. This is commonly referred to as "data resource management."
This process allows parallel development, which is a more effective use of human resources on project work as opposed to the bottleneck of a sequential development process. Whole sections of the system (sub-systems) can be tested and delivered before others, and, because data is being managed separately, we have the assurance it will all fit together cohesively in the end.
The standard system structure is also useful from a Project Management perspective. The project network is then used to estimate and schedule the project in part and in full. For example, each sub-system can be separately priced and scheduled, thereby giving the project sponsors the ability to pick and chose which parts of the system they want early in the project.
The standard system structure also simplifies implementing modification/improvements to the system. Instead of redesigning and reconstructing whole systems, sections of the system hierarchy can be identified and redesigned, thereby saving considerable time and money.
This analogy between a system and a product is highly credible and truly remarkable. Here we can take a time-proven concept derived from engineering and manufacturing and apply it to the design and development of something much less tangible, namely, information systems.

CONCLUSION
Well, that's it, the four cardinal concepts of Information Systems theory. I have also avoided the introduction of any cryptic vocabulary, thereby demonstrating that systems theory can be easily explained and taught so that anyone can understand and implement it.

VoIP Services
Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is the latest invention of the communication technology. It is a technology that uses internet as the source of transferring the voice from one place to another. Digital technology is the underlying technique for transmitting the sound signals. A recent survey done by Oysterman Research says that, in the year 2009 alone the number of VoIP services were taken by 64% of the corporate population and the forecast says that it will saturate the market soon. Let's have a look into the technical aspects of this service.
How does the VoIP services work?
For VoIP services you need only a broad band connection, a simple phone and a special adapter. Placing a call is no different from the traditional phone. Though no special handset is required, a special mobile handset is available in the market that uses Ethernet for the VoIP connectivity. Through this connection you can opt for both voice and the video conferencing. You will be given online buttons for connecting or disconnecting the line whenever you wish. To place international calls using VoIP you can subscribe to satellite communication systems because the hosted VoIP systems run through international gateways. Benefits of VoIP services
o This system gives more voice clarity than the traditional methods of connectivity.
o Also, there is increased speed and high flexibility.
o Equally important are the bundle services of VoIP that include phone calls, fax and internet services at much lower prices than the traditional ways.
o Moreover, the scope for globalization of your business increases with very low investment. Look into the service providers of VoIP services and what technology does they use for the services.
Online VoIP service providers
With the increase in demands more and more businessmen are fast switching towards this service. These VoIP service agencies will maintain a record of your phone bills. You can get pre-paid and post paid systems. The web based administration is applied. You will be given full report of the full traffic and monetary and statistics report. There is triple A facility namely authentication, authorization and accounting. You may also get the online phone bills. The services are provided by the usage of servers, switches and gateways. You can get more information through the World Wide Web.

Art and Craft Theories

2010-03-16T11:03:00.000-07:00

Art And The Muse
Inspiration and envy make interesting bed-fellows, whilst at odds with one another, they combine perfectly to energize the mind and lubricate the sticky pathway that is the creative process. Inspiration, by definition is a theological influence with the sole purpose of solving problems, whilst envy is a fundamental part of human nature that causes more problems than it solves, however when the two are combined they fuse into what I believe to be a major factor in the flux of an Artists mind; The Muse.
The concept of the muse is one that has been around for centuries; Greek Mythology states the existence of 9 Goddesses (or spirits) known as 'hai mousai' which is a literal translation to 'men - think'. These Goddesses are believed to be the original source of inspiration for all Literature and Arts - they were the first instances of 'muse'.
However, the advent and study of Psychological science is something that has revealed that inspiration and the ability to focally scrutinize people and objects (to muse) to be something much more human than ancient Greek spirits; 18th Century Psychologist and Philosopher John Locke concluded that inspiration is come to naturally, by a series of ideas that begin as separate entities and are later gelled together in resonance to form an answer or previously unseen conclusion. This theory is hardly as romantic as that of the Ancient Greeks, but in an age of constant psychological scrutiny and obsessive interest in conditioning theories it is certainly more valid.
Another heavily studied aspect of the human psyche is one that we have all dealt with at some point; Envy. For many, it is a socially crippling curse that serves to damage self esteem, cause loathing of others and can ultimately cause clinical depression.
From the same school of thought as the aforementioned John Locke, came Immanuel Kant. Widely regarded as the last influential Philosopher of the modern European classics, Kante defined envy as comparisons we set between ourselves and others, which we then use to measure our own sense of self worth.
I believe that the theories of Locke and Kant are inextricably linked to Art(ists) and the (their) muse(s); In order to gain inspiration from another person, an Artist has to feel that a particular attribute of that person stirs some sort of emotion and therefore becomes a catalyst for inspiration. "I found him perfectly beautiful" was Lucien Freud's remark after his first meeting with Leigh Bowery at the Anthony d'Offay Gallery in 1988. Bowery had been 'performing' that day, modelling outfits that included several latex body suits.
Bowery's gargantuan body crammed into a skin tight suit is hardly what one would class as traditionally 'Beautiful', but Freud did. Was Freud referring to Bowery's physical appearance? Or was he describing something else, perhaps what Bowery's physical form and the outfits he wore stood for; confidence, freedom and individuality?
Despite being hideously overweight Bowery stood tall as a man unashamed of the fact his body was not stereotypically beautiful. Where Bowery celebrated his form and flaunted it, Freud obsessed about its decline and documented it in his work, choosing to portray himself often in what could almost be described as a grotesque or unsightly fashion (see 'Reflection').
It is my theory that Freud became envious of Bowery with his open personality and confidence. He longed to rid himself of the insecurities and self doubt that had at some points in his life, led him to womanizing, which is well known to be a trait of those who crave attention and self gratification. Freud's point of inspiration came from removing Bowery's most prominent 'defence'; his clothes. Without his fantastic Avant Garde ensembles Bowery was physically and figuratively naked. Out of his clothes his flamboyant personality would disappear, he would become shy and self conscious, or so Freud thought.
Bowery, to the contrary remained as confident as ever, posing however Freud desired, even in the most unflattering of positions without so much as a murmur that begged for assurance or compliment. A revelation that served only to fuel Freud's interest in the peculiar Bowery.
Posing for Freud was one of Bowery's favourite pleasures, until his New Years Eve death in 1994 Freud had not known that Bowery was HIV positive.
If Freud had have known about this would it have changed his opinion of Bowery? One thing I do know is that Bowery clearly did not feel as attracted to Freud as Freud did to him. Freud was a source of income to Bowery, not a close friend, after all Freud was not one of the close few who knew Bowery's middle name.
In comparison to my next example of Artist(s) and the Muse, Leigh Bowery and Lucian Freud's relationship seems like a simple walk in the park rather than the tug of war between friendship and business it was.
Jane Burden, William Morris and Dante Rossetti lived a story that any Hollywood hotshot would have been proud to have written. A tale of Love, adultery, passion and betrayal all set in the charming time of late 19th Century, England.
As a child William Morris lived a steady life, his parents were not particularly rich but they did enjoy a good income that Morris felt the benefit of whilst being educated. Jane Burden was completely illiterate; she also lacked social skills such as company etiquette and basic manners. Something Morris and his family held in high regard.
It was a night at the Theatre that was to be a turning point in Burdens life. Sat in the 'Cheap seats' she was watching a production by the Drury Lane theatre company when friend and mentor to Morris; Rossetti, spotted her. He made no hesitation and quickly approached her to request that she pose for his friend (Morris) who was actively trying his hand at painting the human form.
Her first sitting was meant to take place little under a week after the initial meeting between her and Rossetti but Burden did not show, shocked and possibly a little intrigued by this, both Morris and Rossetti sought after Burden and eventually persuaded her to pose.
Once Morris and Burden had gained proper acquaintance they soon became emotionally attached and entered into a relationship that saw both parties benefit.
In a very similar situation to the afore-discussed Bowery and Freud; Morris' and Burdens' relationship seemed to thrive from what one could give the other. Burden gained education and respectable friends while Morris had a model that was perfect to the ideals of Pre-Raphaelite form. Within two years of marriage Jane Burden had been taught to an exceptionally high literacy level and as for her etiquette and manners? Morris was surprised and shocked to say the least at his new Wife's rate of learning, she had become perfectly prim and proper within the space of two years, something Morris had striven to do his whole life.
Jane's new found hunger for knowledge and seemingly perfect ability to absorb it must have been tortuous to Morris, who had for years struggled with his abilities painting the female form, also at this time Rossetti was becoming very close to Jane and was in the artistic form of his life having completed several of his best works.
Being surrounded by people who could apparently turn their hands to pretty much anything and be successful must have caused envy if not catalysed the beginnings of an inferiority complex in Morris. But it is not just he who I am seeking to apply my theory of Envy causing inspiration, it is also Rossetti.
Despite his talent, his wealth, his charm and his heritage it was not Rossetti who took Jane Burdens fancy, it was his protégé William. From Rossetti's self portraits it would seem that he had somewhat of a higher opinion of himself than others may have had. For example, the painting above (left) - a self portrait - portrays a handsome young man, full of Italian charm and beautiful curly hair reaching all the way down to a jaw-line that most men (myself included) would kill for, whereas the other painting - a portrait of Rossetti by William Hunt - shows not a beautiful man but a slightly gaunt, un-kept front profile with eyes that are slightly confrontational if not intimidating, quite a contrast to the confident, poised optical orbs of Rossetti's self portrait. Also his forehead in Hunts portrait is far more prominent than that of his own, this depreciates Rossetti's merit of beauty even further.
Rossetti's high opinion will have taken something of a knock at not being the first option of Jane Burdens primal desires; however that was all to change.
In 1874 Rossetti completed 'Proserpine' (pictured, previous page); a portrait of Jane Burden as Proserpina, a figure from Ancient Greek Mythology who was snatched from her life and made queen of the underworld for 6 months of the year, every year. When she goes to the underworld (Hades) the world withers and dies, and on her return life is reborn and flourishes, it is the story of the seasons. My thought on Rossetti using this particular myth to entitle a Portrait of a lady who had, according to many by this time, become his lover is quite a bold yet somehow enigmatic statement. If the story of Prosepina was to be a direct reflection of the situation between Rossetti and Burden then her adulterous interactions whilst in Rossetti's company would be the dark, murky depths of Hades and her clean cut, prim and proper marriage would be the dawn of light and the flourish of spring.
Rossetti's inspiration for this (and other) paintings of Burden was not drawn from any trait of Burden; it was drawn from the envy that despite all his advances Jane Burden and William Morris simply refused to be officially parted. If only it was Rossetti whom Cupid had spotted first.
Upon my near completion of this essay I stumbled across the work of a psychologist, whose reputation for the brilliant turned him into a household name and set the foundations for a dynasty of human beings whose achievement in academia are not just unrivalled they're unprecedented. His work has shaped the study of the human mind for a century and does not look as if it will be stopping any time soon.
His theory of psychosexual development (The theory that all human activity is driven by sexual desires) applies greatly to the Artists and their Muses discussed in this essay:
The interactions between Morris, Rossetti and Burden were so driven by sexual desire that they engaged in social sin and on two counts adultery, but ultimately defined a whole period of art.
Lucian Freud and Leigh Bowery had opposing sexual orientations but still engaged in intimate contact and secluded situations; surely a bond bound together in sexual charge?
Interesting is the fact that not only did Freud create a few masterpieces whilst engaging in a relationship with Bowery, he also played a part in proving one of the most profound Psychological theories ever. A theory constructed by no one other than his Grandfather; Sigmund.

What is a Lifter Craft?

What is a lifter?
It is a device that flies silently, and can lift its own payload along with additional weight.
At it's simplest a lifter is no more than something that funnels an electric charge towards a particular direction.
If you can imagine it is very much like a rocket in that used fuel comes out one end -- however the lifter is electrical in nature and it pushes itself up when it has electricity pushed down.
In electrical terms it is no more than a capacitor. A capacitor in the traditional sense is just two conductive plates. This capacitor, however, requires high voltage.
You may have heard of the term, assymmetrical -- that is science talk for one plate being much larger than the other which is how the thrust is produced -- otherwise it would just hold it like a regular battery would.
Whenever you apply 20-30 kv to the capacitor the larger side will try to go towards the smaller side. The classical lifter school experiment has a copper wire as the small side while a aluminum foil skirt composes the larger side.
Using electrical energy versus chemical energy found in planes, jets and rockets does not at first seem like a huge deal until you understand that it is MUCH easier to build and maintain an electrical craft over a chemical one.
A chemical one can be extremely noisy -- ever been to an airport? Ever watched the space shuttle launch?
Lifters have been tested in a vacuum environment that is close to what space would be and still work which means we can use them in space as well as the atmosphere.
There are literally hundreds of replications of desktop lifters that can be found on YouTube but there is little to no evidence of ones that are large enough to hold humans. Simple economics have shown that they are not worth replacing planes at the moment.
Much of the thrust found is generated by the so-called elektro-static model, however knowing that NASA has tested these in a vacuum leaves open-ended questions since this scientific model does not work in a vacuum.
Many builders of lifters purchase high voltage power supplies specifically for powering these, but there are DIY resources available too.
For instance an old CRT monitor or television can easily be used as a power source.

Engineering Theory

2010-03-16T10:56:00.000-07:00

Composite Materials
Composite materials "benefit" a structure. Composite theory, properties of materials, various and varied processing techniques have been discovered through research to bring strength with low weight to composite bonded structures.
Basically, a composite material is one which is composed of at least two elements which, when put together, produce material properties that are different to the properties of those elements on their own. In practice, most composites consist of the matrix, and a reinforcement of some kind, added primarily to increase the strength and stiffness of the matrix. Reinforcement is usually in fibre form. There are 3 basic types of man-made composites:
Polymer Matrix Composites PMCs... Also known as Fibre Reinforced Polymers FRP (or Plastics), these materials use a polymer-based resin as the matrix, and a variety of fibres such as glass, carbon and aramid as the reinforcement.

Metal Matrix Composites MMCs... mostly used in the automotive industry, these materials have a metal such as aluminium as the matrix, and reinforce it with fibres such as silicon carbide.
Ceramic Matrix Composites CMCs... Used in very high temperature environments, these materials use a ceramic as the matrix and reinforce it with short fibres such as those made from silicon carbide and boron nitride.
Composite Resin Systems
Any resin system for use in a composite material will need good mechanical properties, adhesive properties, toughness and resistance to environmental degradation. High adhesion between resin and reinforcement fibres is necessary for any resin system. This will ensure that the loads are transferred efficiently and will prevent cracking or debonding when stressed.
Toughness is a measure of a material's resistance to cracking. Generally the more deformation the resin will accept before failure, the tougher and more crack-resistant the resulting composite materials will be. Good resistance to the environment, water and other aggressive substances, together with an ability to withstand constant stress cycling, are properties essential to composite resin systems.
Plasma Spray Coatings
Protective coatings and barrier layers include gelcoats, which are used as coatings in the mould. They involve colour technology, air release, thick film build-up and rapid cure times to produce finished surfaces with excellent gloss, colour and surface integrity retention after years of environmental exposure. Gelcoats provide both excellent protection for structural laminates as well as the levels of gloss and colour retention. Thermal sprayed aluminium coatings provide wear and corrosion resistant coatings.
Composite Reinforcements
The role of the reinforcement in a composite material is fundamentally one of increasing the mechanical properties of the neat resin system. All of the different fibres used in composites have different properties and so affect the properties of the composite in different ways. Individual fibres or fibre bundles can only be used on their own in a few processes such as filament winding. Different ways for assembling fibres into sheets and the variety of fibre orientations possible lead to there being many different types of fabrics, each of which has its own characteristics.
Core Materials
Engineering theory shows that the flexural stiffness of composite panels is proportional to the cube of its thickness. The purpose of a core in composite laminates is therefore to increase the laminate's stiffness by thickening it with a low-density core material. This helps to prevent the thin skins from failing when buckling.
Composites design.
In summary, there are many different composite materials, all with their own strength, stiffness, toughness, heat resistance, cost, production rate etc. Composite design includes composite materials selection for bonded structures.
Composites Repair.
Damaged lightweight composite structures are repairable, but sometimes unpredictable due to variable adhesion during manufacture.

Business Management Theories

2010-03-16T10:49:00.000-07:00

Business management theories are all around us. Just go to any book store and you will see all of the latest and greatest theories out there. Many of these books are correct, and their theories did work. But it was more because of the people that worked for them, or because of the company they worked for in general. Now, I know, some of you may be reading this thinking you are not working in manufacturing or even production, so how can this apply to you. You see, lean is really a business management theory. It shows the people that you are working with and the ones working for you that you are listening to their problems and making their work environments better. What you are actually doing is finding out a problem they have, which is really a waste of some sort, and then improving or removing the situation.

One example I have done is with our procedures and controlled documents. We use to print these out, laminate these, and have these at all of the departments and work stations. The problem would arise when we would go to revise something. We would then need to find all of the old documents, remove these from the floor, throw these away, print new copies, laminate again, and redistribute. This was such a waste of paper, laminate, and time.
I setup a 6 computer kiosk stations and we now house all of these items on the intranet. It acts just like the internet, which everyone is familiar with, and they can access this information from all over the plant. Plus, if a revision is needed, we just update it from the admin side, and it populates everything right then and there. No more paper, laminates, or anything else. We can even make updates from the floor. This solved many problems.
So, it does not need to be in a manufacturing plant. Improvements can be done all over the place and in every business. The theory here is really one of Lean, but it is in terms of making the work place a better and smoother work place. Lean is adaptable to any environment. You just need to know the specifics of lean, what to look for, and how to implement it. And you would be surprised just how easy it is.

Agriculture Theory

2010-03-16T10:26:00.000-07:00

Hydroponic Gardening Theory

Something that's been buzzing in the growing community is the idea of growing your beautiful plants indoors using a process called: Hydroponics. Now, Hydroponics is something that's no good for those of you who garden specifically to get outside in the dirt and dig around in the manure, but for those of us who do not have large tracts of arable land, or any land at all, hydroponics starts to sound like a much more attractive offer.

Why Hydroponics?
Hydroponic Gardens are compact and can be placed anywhere.
They use and re-use water over and over and require minimal additional water to function properly.
They eliminate the need to watch for garden pests such as aphids, caterpillars, potato beetles and fungus.
They are very efficient growers for plants - plants grow very quickly in a hydroponic setup.
They are convenient, and most systems are easy to automate so they require a minimum of interference by you. Any plant can grow (or start to grow) in a hydroponics system, regardless of the time of year, or how north or south you are located.
There are other reasons why one would choose hydroponics over a traditional garden, but there are also detriments. For instance, many people associate hydroponic gardening with the growing of certain illegal plants that are generally abused as controlled substances. It seems like every week there's some large house in a nice neighborhood that's being busted by the cops with hundreds of compact fluorescent fixtures, water sprayers, containers, grow dirt, nutrients and plants removed. In reality, the main benefits to Hydroponic Gardening is to give people who would otherwise be unable to grow plants the ability to grow plants. It's very common for avid gardeners to start their tender young plants out in a hydroponic setup, and then transfer those plants to their gardens after the ground thaws.
Orchid growers, in particular, seem to gravitate towards the hydroponic grow systems. The obsession that many people have with Orchids is intense. This obsession, coupled with the frustration of being unable to meet the exacting needs of the orchid in a person's unaltered back yard, leads many to try growing in greenhouses or in a hydroponic setup.
Additionally, the technology for hydroponics is everywhere. Light timers are used in many applications to conserve energy, just as they are used in hydroponics to time the light cycle for plants. The compact fluorescent, metal halide, T5 and other types of intense lighting used in Hydroponics are also used on aquarium systems that strive to meet exacting needs for freshwater plant life or delicate corals and anemones. Water drip systems are used in greenhouses and in large scale agriculture, as well as outdoor gardening and landscaping on a regular basis. Plant nutrients have been in development for quite a long time - as long as there have been people trying to grow non-native plants in partially depleted soils. PH meters are used in scientific applications, and again in all forms of gardening. We wouldn't know where the acidic soils to grow grapes were located if we didn't use a PH tester, aside from costly trial and error.

Hydroponics evolved out of a combination of need and desire. We desire fresh tomatoes, we desire fresh basil, we need somewhere to grow them because we don't all live on farms anymore. Specialty sauces, for instance, or your own personal herb garden for fresh cilantro, basil and oregano are a tempting reason to go Hydroponic.
For die-hard, natural gardens only people, hydroponics may not be your cup of tea. If you're using plants that are native to your region, you simply sow your seeds and let nature take its course. Something to keep in mind: Before this writer knew what hydroponics even was, she was buying "Vine-ripened, hydroponically grown tomatoes" at the local grocery store due to their superior color, texture and flavor. They were consistently bright red, juicy, and devoid of spots. They were always smaller than the so-called "stew tomatoes", but the bigger, lighter-colored tomatoes had a less rich flavor. The balance of nutrients, light and water combined with the plant's reduced need to fight off infections, insects and fungus produces a much healthier plant specimen than would otherwise be possible.

Occupational Health Case Management Theory

2010-03-16T10:01:00.000-07:00

Occupational health case management theory is a system being used by most major companies today. The history of the Industrial Revolution is not a very pretty one from the stand point of employee health and safety. The object was profit and employees were seen as an expendable resource. It might have been this disregard for health and safety that had as much to do as money with the attraction of communism. Today, worker health and safety is more than just the morally right thing, it is the profitable thing, and it is the law. Occupational health case management is one of the tools being used to insure a safe work place for all.
Occupational health case management is actually a system that tracks each incident that relates to employee health and safety. It integrates the entire plan of an organization into a unified whole that assumes completely responsibility for each employee. This means that it is as concerned with prevention as it is with health care after an accident. The prevention side of case management is the most important.
In occupational health case theory, the work environment is the first line of defense for worker health and safety. Compliance with OSHA standards is taken for granted, but that is often the starting point for safety. Constant monitoring and auditing of the safety conditions of the workplace is essential. This monitoring includes the individual employee. A health record can be kept on the employee as part of their other employment records. It would be followed up by routine safety meetings stressing health related issues such as safety gear and proper lifting techniques.

When a health issue develops, either as a result of illness or accident, the employee is covered by a health plan that is part of the overall health care system. These selected health care providers do more than just provide "medical insurance", but are aware of the health and safety situation of the employer as well as the employee. Careful follow up and record keeping of every health situation can provide ideas for improving the environment for others.
There is no question, even in health management, that all accidents can not be prevented and employees become ill as do all humans. The goal is to do everything that can be done to prevent accidents and minimize illness. Occupational health is no longer a chancy thing, but rather a managed and controlled part of any successful organization.

Learn How to Do it Better

2010-03-16T09:49:00.000-07:00

What is YOUR trump card? Is it math, science, language arts, or music? Your trump card could be painting, singing, solving problems, building a house, tuning a car, or styling hair.
After surveying thousands of Blues, Golds, Greens, and Oranges, here's what they report they are good at doing:
Blues enjoy tasks that allow them to concentrate on people and relationships. They're drawn towards occupations that focus on service and the health and welfare of other people. They work best in warm, supportive, harmonious environments where workers are free to cooperate and communicate with each other.
Golds prefer jobs that allow them to be thorough, accurate, and systematic. They prefer to work in situations where they can see a job through to the end, and then touch and feel the results. They're practical, efficient, and cooperative workers that respect authority, discipline, and punctuality. They want to work in environments that are traditional, structured, orderly, and filled with other hard-working people.

Greens are driven towards work that involves an analytical and creative focus. They're visionary and independent workers who can tune out the world as they work on things that capture their interest. Oranges tackle their work with enthusiasm so they can quickly move on to other pursuits. They're great at working under pressure and prefer to work on jobs that are lively, risky, and unpredictable. They grow restless with jobs that tie them down and limit their personal freedom. They're straightforward, realistic, and practical workers who bring flair, energy, and excitement to the workplace.
Because we are more effective, more productive when we're allowed to "play our trump cards."
The fact that everybody is good at something is why vocational education (a.k.a. career education) works. Skill follows interest. Most high school career centers and adult technology centers that provide vocational education, offer two years of hands-on, real work experiences to teach their students the skills employers want.
Vocational education centers are "schools of choice." That is, students choose to attend the center that focuses on a specific work-related specialty. More importantly, they choose course work that matches their skills and interests. They choose to learn more about the type of work they'd like to do to jump-start their "life after school" career.
Most vocational school schedules devote about two-thirds of the students' day to specific hands-on experiences and applied theory. Follow-up surveys tell us the thing high school and adult students liked best about their career education was "getting to do work I liked to do." That's why vocational education works!
Voc-Ed works for students of every level and interest. From the valedictorian to students "lost" in comprehensive studies, learning a saleable skill makes sense. For students with special needs, vocational education can be a least restrictive path. Actually, I prefer "most opportunistic path."
The student at vocational schools is the customer. The mind-set of administrators', counselors', and teachers' is to make school the most inviting place in town. Their mission is to help every student be successful. Cooperative learning works. Working together works. Apprenticeships work.
Matching your likes, skills, needs, and goals is proof positive. Job placement rates are high: about 94 percent. Average daily attendance rates run about 92 percent. Incidence of inappropriate behavior is low: fewer than 10 percent of students ever see their school's disciplinarian.
While these two-year statistics are encouraging, also consider that, compared with graduates of a comprehensive high school course of study, graduates of vocational schools are the first to be employed, earn promotions more quickly, make more money, are less likely to be laid off, and more likely to become entrepreneurs.
If they choose to pursue post high school education at a two or four-year college, vocational graduates are less likely to change majors. And, compared to their comprehensive studies counterparts, they are more likely to graduate on schedule.
Why? Vocational students make choices that (for them) make sense. They utilize skills that enhance self-concept and confidence. Their paths are similar to college students who choose dentistry, engineering, law, or nursing -- delayed vocational education -- except that vocational students get a head start, usually in the 11th or 12th grade.

Prediksi Soal UN SMK 2010

2010-03-16T08:07:00.000-07:00

Previously, the test subject matter vocational students there are only four, namely Mathematics, Indonesian, English and practical exams. For 2010, UN vocational subjects tested so increased that the theory test vocational or skills.
Model implementation of National Examination (UN) in 2010 to be different vocational levels with SMA / MA. If SMA / MA using the new system, the cross-school, SMK still using the old model, the participants of the UN permanent vocational exams in school melakanakan respectively.

National Exam Practice Questions (UN) allotment for vocational students Vocational High School (SMK) as one form of formal education units of vocational education in secondary education as a continuation of the SMP, MTs, or other forms of equal or continuation of the results study recognized the same / equivalent to SMP / MTs.

Soal Ujian Nasional SMK (Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan) meliputi Mata Pelajaran :

Download Latihan Bahasa Indonesia,

Bahasa Inggris,

Matematika, and

Vocational Theory. (Coming Soon!)
Vocational Practice.

Member of National Education Standards Agency (BSNP), Prof. Mungin Eddy Wibowo, said that cross-participant model is only implemented for the high school level and the MA course. In that model, there is certainly no participants who worked at the school about the UN itself, but the system will be applied cross between schools that are not too far apart to facilitate the students.

Later, he said, the schools will be grouped by a specific region. Each group will contain 4-5 school, and the system of inter-school cross that will be applied in each group to facilitate the participants in following the UN.

"Cross System only applied to high school students and MA, while participants from the UN High Extraordinary (SMALB), SMK, SMP remains to establish the UN as the system used last year, which apply inter-school cross for oversight," said Mungin, yesterday.

In addition, the Ministry of National Education decided that there was the addition of the test subjects for the 2010 national high school vocational students. Additional subjects, the test of the theory of vocational or skills. Previously, the test subject matter vocational students there are only four, namely Mathematics, Indonesian, English and practical exams.

More weight
According Mungin, adding it to Maple more weight and quality. If these vocational students majoring in accounting, then the theory will be tested is terori accounting. So did students majoring in machinery, which will be tested theories are theories related to the engine.

"In general, the national exam in 2010 there was no significant difference compared to the test this year. The only difference is there are additional subjects for students of vocational and examination for students who do not pass the main exam, "he said.

He also said that, although subjects plus, but not changed graduation category. Minimum value fixed by passing ratarata 5.5. Whereas if there is a minimum value of four is not anything with a maximum of two values. Vocational high school examinations this year remains held in conjunction with the national exam for secondary schools and madrasah Aliyah.

Era of globalization demands that make the information as a resource acceleration of economic behavior, political, social, and cultural, causing the flow and absorption of information through electronic media is fast-paced too.

Context of globalization is also inevitable in the policies related to governance (governance) institutions. Information associated with the development policies of education should necessarily conform to the demands of local changes in the global prospective fast-paced. Rule think globally, act locally is one reflection of how the information in the regions of the world and between countries has a very quick opportunity to change the behavior of the local the local culture through penetration of information.

Since the object of education is a community development as a national entity, the information given must also be a communication medium that contains the meaning of education and learning, so that the resultant change in behavior is a change in the collective behavior of a nation building process.

To answer this challenge www.depdiknas.go.id pages as one source of information that education and learning can positively contribute in changing the behavior of developing nations to develop behaviors which are full of knowledge (knowledge-based society).

One of the positive contribution from the Education Ministry in connection with the literati or the student is officially published Louvres National Exam school year 2009 / 2010 For the Level of Primary and Secondary Education, including Package A, B, C, and Package C Vocational.

UN SMK 2010

2010-03-16T06:07:00.000-07:00

Basic Definition
Secondary vocational schools (SMK) is one form of formal education units of vocational education in secondary education as a continuation of the SMP, MTs, or other forms of equal or continuation of the learning outcomes that are recognized as / equivalent to SMP / MTs. SMK is often referred to as STM (Technical High School). In SMK, there are lots of Expertise Program.

In order to improve the quality of education smk, one of the necessary infra-structure is an efficient means of communication and effective. Currently there are means of telephone, fax and mail. With the development of communication technology, Dikmenjur will use e-mail as a means of communication between the directorate Dikmenjur - Dikmenjur provincial areas - p3g - smk-small industry / medium and other related instasi.

To establish the communication network, Dikmenjur the systematic and planned to increase staff knowledge in the directorate / areas / schools and the community who are interested.
We have field representatives Dikmenjur from 26 provinces are being trained in 57 SMKN Ragunan, how to create, develop an e-mail and homepage. They are expected after the core team in each province within disseminate knowledge about the internet, the homepage to other areas as well as staff to the teachers and principals Computer smk in their area each.

The development of e-mail address and this homepage will we monitor every 6 months, so that could be expected within 2 years almost all smk both public or private has an e-mail address or homepage. There are some smk for other locations and because no telephone, so they are difficult to access their email, but with the cafe at the post office, it can be overcome. There are currently more than 760 countries and 3400 smk smk private spread across Indonesia, where the largest population is smk sumut, jabar, dki, jateng, jatim, and diy.

Since August 1999 the title of Internet programs, has more than 60 e-mail address and smk smk teachers who join the MailingList Dikmenjur. Advantage if this information network system established, communication between the directorate with the field-PPPG - smk - and others will instasi faster intertwined. For example, information about the new curriculum, an internship in the industry domestically and abroad, revolving grants, upgrading of teachers / principals, the new rules, the problems in the field, etc. can be quickly reached on most points of the tip or the need to smk fast. This is very efficient and very effective, because only within 5 - 10 minutes throughout smk incorporated in Dikmenjur mailing list will get the same information, so they can prepare better things.
Similarly smk Antas communication, in terms of exchange of experience and information, will be going so well, so with the motto " 'learning together, helping each other with one another", smk education quality can be improved and become citizens of the world schools. Another example, students who smk 8 makasar intern in singapore and malaysia, can communicate with schools and parents in macassar every week, via the internet with a local pulse, so that teachers and parents can know the progress of training and condition of each student in the country.

Besides the above, will also facilitate communication with similar schools in other countries, if we can become members of the 'school company', where if our schools become members of this network, students can practice such smk on import export companies, complete with how to make a reservation , l / c, sent items, etc. to send money overseas and domestic. This exercise is good for students and teachers to practice with the riel to the cost of light, because all these activities using email, but the merchandise and money sent there is no (dummy). In europe and the usa, business and management schools are doing this activity.
If this network is formed, would constitute a means of network communication schools extraordinarily effective and efficient in improving the quality of education in Indonesia smk, so there is no reason for far less information etc. from the center. And our schools are expected to become citizens of the world schools.

Start date 17 s / d January 30, 2000 in programming simultaneously in 26 provincial capitals
Internet training for staff and homepage Dikmenjur field, the principal / teacher smk regional computer center, as well as interested smk. The team is the team's coach Dikmenjur SIM directorate and field team is now trained in Jakarta today. Smk For those interested, please contact the provincial Dikmenjur field. If interested there are quite a lot is expected from the field settings, the division of his class.

Beginning in February 2000 are expected to regulate the field of systematic training in each province, with the cost of mutual cooperation, so that inter-network can be faster SMK SMK terbentuk.Bagi capable, it is advisable to open a cafe at the lab. Computer, so that students and small industrial community around the school trsebut benefit in developing knowledge and business. This is as an effort to empower communities around the schools through the distribution of knowledge / module owned by the school, so that people benefit directly from the existence of these vocational schools.

The next step is making the homepage, with a homepage of each school, school superior product promotions and other activities can be spread and dispersed, both domestically and abroad. Especially when associated with the potential of tourism, small industry / handicrafts, art, etc. This will accelerate the regional economy level II, and the expected revenue increases also.
In preparation for autonomy, the Regent, and their staffs must jelly mecari opportunities that can enhance the activities of PAD, CMS is one institution that can print a tablespoon that will help increase economic activities in the area. See homepage SMK SMK 1 Ciamis and 8 Makassar where regional tourism information are easily obtained. (Tourist attractions, hotels, rates, etc.).

We must improve our quality of tablespoons in a systematic and scalable, if we do not want left behind by other countries, or be a spectator own country, at the door in the open labor in year 2003. For this menhindari we must work hard to catch us.

Jakarta January 1, 2007

Dr. Joko Sutrisno
Director of Directorate of Vocational Secondary School Education

Welcome to Information about UN SMK 2010

2010-03-16T05:58:00.001-07:00

Welcome to Information about UN SMK 2010